electronic cigarette; e-cigarette; juul; electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]
Epidemiology
- < 5% of adults report using e-cigarettes[39]
- 13%[18] - 20%[3] of adults has tried an electronic cigarette
- ever use higher among current cigarette smokers (48%) & recent quitters (55%)
- among high school students, ever-use of e-cigarettes increased from 4.7% to 10.0% from 2011 to 2012[5][13]
- among adult never smoker of cigarettes, younger adults try e-cigarettes more often than older adults (10% for adults age 18-24 vs 1% for adults age > 45 years of age)[18]
- 24% of U.S. middle school & high school students report recent exposure to vapors of electronic cigarettes[30]
- an increase in electronic cigarette use among adult smokers may be associated with an increase in smoking cessation rate[31]
- may lead youth to start smoking, adults to stop smoking[34]
- prevalence of nicotine vaping among 12 graders increased 11% to 21% from 2017 to 2018
Indications
- smoking cessation
- may be as effective as nicotine patches for smoking cessation[6]
- can reduce smoking urges
- help motivated smokers to quit[11]
- American Heart Association policy concludes
- other proven methods of smoking cessation 1st line
- e-cigarettes may be option when other methods have failed[12]
- may help smokers quit (Public Health England)[16]
- recommendations (claims) questioned[16]
- USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against use of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation in adults[17]
- availability of e-cigarettes associated with more success in smoking cessation[24]
- use of e-cigarettes intermittently & concurrently with other cessation aids not useful for smoking cessation[36]
- electronic cigarettes are similar to varenicline & better than nicotine gum for smoking cessation[57]
Pharmacokinetics
- peak serum nicotine concentration within 5 minutes, similar to conventional cigarettes[25]
Adverse effects
- shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, wheezing, bronchitis[58]
- users twice as likely to report respiratory symptoms as non users[19] (never smokers)
- wheezing-related respiratory symptoms more likely[56][58]
- users twice as likely to report respiratory symptoms as non users[19] (never smokers)
- headache
- cough
- dizziness
- sore throat
- nose bleeds
- chest pain
- evidence that e-cigarettes cause heart attacks retracted[54]
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea[50]
- fatigue, fever, weight loss[50]
- allergic reactions[8]
- increased sympathetic tone & increased oxidative stress[27]
- lower heart rate variability, higher LDL oxidizability[27]
- transient increase in arterial stiffness[33]
- flavoring compounds (vanillin, menthol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, & acetylpyridine) induce endothelial cell dysfunction[38]
- higher levels of volatile carcinogen metabolites in urine[35]
- safer than real cigarettes[11][20]
- carcinogen content negligible
- potential for nicotine poisoning minimal[11]
- 95% safer than real cigarettes[16]
- e-cigarettes with lower levels of the carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol than current smokers[28]
- substantially lower levels of measured carcinogens & toxins than tobacco cigarettes (N-nitrosamine, ethylene oxide ...)[29]
- safer option than tobacco cigarettes[34]
Complications
- may encourage use of conventional cigarettes among teens[7][15]
- may blow up in mouth while inhaling (consumer report)[8]
- burning gums, lips & fingers (consumer report)[8]
- accidental nicotine exposure in children[14]
- children may put reusable nicotine cartridges in mouth
- reports of seizures[47]
- vitamin E acetate linked to vaping-associated lung injury[53]
Notes
Device:
- battery-operated
- plastic tube with an illuminated orange or blue tip
- generally contain cartridges filled with nicotine, flavor & other chemicals
- vaporizes nicotine & other chemical ingedients for inhalation by the user
Products are:
- marketed & sold to young people
- FDA regulation prohibits sale of e-cigarettes to persons < 21 years of age [21[
- readily available online & in shopping malls
- available in different flavors which may appeal to young people
- a juul is smaller than a typical e-cigarette
Contain:
- diethylene glycol (at least some)
- carcinogens (at least some)
- heavy metals, ultrafine particulate, & formaldehyde[30]
- 2nd-hand exposure to potentially toxic substances is lower compared with combustible cigarette smoking[37]
Warnings
- none
- do not contain any health warnings comparable to FDA-approved nicotine replacement products or conventional cigarettes
- two e-liquids sold by HelloCig Electronic Technology Co. Ltd. found to contain tadalafil &/or sildenafil[45]
FDA approval:
- have not been submitted to the FDA for evaluation or approval
- FDA has no way of knowing, except for its own limited testing, the levels of nicotine or the amounts or kinds of other chemicals present in the various brands
- FDA's premarket approval process pass RJ Reynolds Vuse Solo device showing reduced harm compared with traditional tobacco products,
FDA regulation:
- FDA extends its tobacco authority to e-cigarettes[9][21]
- FDA threatens to take flavored e-cigarettes of the market[40]
- FDA will ban sales of flavored e-cigarettes in most retail stores due to popularity & increased use among youths[44]
Most E-cigarettes are made in China
electronic cigarettes are banned on commercial flights[20]
, electronic cigarettes can be used to vaporize cannabis, including marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, or hash oil[41]
open-system, refillable devices popular among adolescents[42]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ FDA MedWatch http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm173327.htm
- ↑ Yamin CK et al. E-cigarettes: A rapidly growing Internet phenomenon. Ann Intern Med 2010; Nov 2; 153:607. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041581
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 CDC Newsroom. Press Release. Feb 28, 2013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention About one in five U.S. adult cigarette smokers have tried an electronic cigarette. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0228_electronic_cigarettes.html
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 20(5): 2013 Electronic Cigarettes and Hookah Pipes Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=290503&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Notes from the Field: Electronic Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2011-2012 MMWR. September 6, 2013 / 62(35);729-730 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6235a6.htm
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bullen C et al Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. September 7, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24029165 <Internet> http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/S0140673613618425.pdf
Hajek P Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Lancet. September 7, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24029168 <Internet> http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/S0140673613615342.pdf - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dutra LM and Glantz SA Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarette Use Among US AdolescentsA Cross-sectional Study. JAMA Pediatr. Published online March 06, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604023 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1840772
Chaloupka FJ Tobacco Control Policy and Electronic Cigarettes. JAMA Pediatr. Published online March 06, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603982 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1840771 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Herman AO E-Cigarette Injuries on the Rise. Physician's First Watch, April 18, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 FDA News Release. April 24, 2014 FDA proposes to extend its tobacco authority to additional tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm394667.htm
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 1100, 1140, and 1143 [Docket No. FDA-2014-N-0189] RIN 0910-AG38 Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Regulations on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products. https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2014-09491.pdf - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 21(6): 2014 Electronic Cigarettes and Hookah Pipes: Safety and Regulations Update Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=300602&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Hajek P et al Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction. Online July 31, 2014 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12659/abstract
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bhatnagar A et al Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. August 24, 2014; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156991 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/08/22/CIR.0000000000000107.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Bunnell RE et al Intentions to smoke cigarettes among never-smoking U.S. middle and high school electronic cigarette users, National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011-2013. Nicotine Tob Res. Aust 20, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143298 <Internet> http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/18/ntr.ntu166.abstract?sid=77ea08b2-97f5-423f-bbe2-2bd45523712d
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gupta S, Gandhi A, Manikonda R Accidental nicotine liquid ingestion: emerging paediatric problem. Arch Dis Child. Sept 8, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25202128 <Internet> http://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2014/07/24/archdischild-2014-306750
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG et al Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Initiation of Combustible Tobacco Product Smoking in Early Adolescence. JAMA. 2015;314(7):700-707 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284721 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2428954
Rigotti NA e-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Tobacco Use by Adolescents. New Evidence About a Potential Risk of e-Cigarettes. JAMA. 2015;314(7):673-674 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284717 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2428937 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Press release. Public Health England. August 2015 E-cigarettes around 95% less harmful than tobacco estimates landmark review. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-around-95-less-harmful-than-tobacco-estimates-landmark-review
McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC E-cigarettes: an evidence update, A report commissioned by Public Health England. August 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454516/Ecigarettes_an_evidence_update_A_report_commissioned_by_Public_Health_England.pdf
Public Health England. August 2015 E-cigarettes: a new foundation for evidence-based policy and practice. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454517/Ecigarettes_a_firm_foundation_for_evidence_based_policy_and_practice.pdf
McKee M, Capewell S Evidence about electronic cigarettes: a foundation built on rock or sand? BMJ 2015;351:h4863 http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4863 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Siu AL for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. Published online 22 September 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389730 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2443060
Patnode CD et al Behavioral Counseling and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: A Review of Reviews for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. Published online 22 September 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389650 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2443059 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 NCHS Data Brief. Number 217, October 2015 Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults: United States, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db217.htm
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Wang MP et al. Electronic cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. JAMA Pediatr 2016 Jan 1; 170:89 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551991
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 US Department of Transportation News Briefing. March 2, 2016 U.S. Department of Transportation Explicitly Bans the Use of Electronic Cigarettes on Commercial Flights. https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/us-department-transportation-explicitly-bans-use-electronic-cigarettes-commercial
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 FDA News Release. May 5, 2016 FDA takes significant steps to protect Americans from dangers of tobacco through new regulation. Rule extending oversight to all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, allows agency to address public health concerns such as youth access to tobacco products. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm499234.htm
- ↑ Alisha Kamboj, Henry A. Spiller, Marcel J et al Pediatric Exposure to E-Cigarettes, Nicotine, and Tobacco Products in the United States/ Pediatrics May 2016 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27244861
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Barrington-Trimis JL, Urman R, Berhane K et al E-Cigarettes and Future Cigarette Use. Pediatrics Jun 2016, e20160379 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27296866
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Beard E, West R, Michie S et al Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ 2016;354:i4645 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27624188 Free Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4645
Britton J Electronic cigarettes and smoking cessation in England. BMJ 2016;354:i4819 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623862 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4819 - ↑ 25.0 25.1 Dinakar C, O'Connor GT The Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1372-1381. October 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27705269 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1502466
- ↑ Know the Risks. e-Cigarettes and Young People. http://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/
E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. http://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Fact_Sheet_508.pdf - ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Moheimani RS, Bhetraratana M, Yin F et al Increased Cardiac Sympathetic Activity and Oxidative Stress in Habitual Electronic Cigarette UsersImplications for Cardiovascular Risk. JAMA Cardiol. Published online February 1, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146259 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2600166
Bhatnagar A Are Electronic Cigarette Users at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? JAMA Cardiol. Published online February 1, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146233 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2600160 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Shahab L, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC et al Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross- sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166548 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2599869/nicotine-carcinogen-toxin-exposure-long-term-e-cigarette-nicotine-replacement
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Shahab L et al. Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: A cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med 2017 Feb 7; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166548
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Wang TW, Marynak KL, Agaku IT et al Secondhand Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Among US Youths. JAMA Pediatr. Published online March 20, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319226 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2611944
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Zhu SH, Zhuang YL, Wong S, Cummins SE, Tedeschi GJ. E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: evidence from US current population surveys BMJ 2017;358:j3262 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28747333 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3262
Bullen C Rise in e-cigarette use linked to increase in smoking cessation rates. BMJ 2017;358:j3506 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28747300 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3506 - ↑ FDA News Release. Aug 8, 2017 FDA to expand public education campaign to focus on prevention of youth e-cigarette use. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm570501.htm
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Boyles S, E-Cigs May Still Damage Blood Vessels Arterial stiffness increased immediately after vaping session. MedPage Today. September 10, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/ERS/67802
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 National Academy of Science & Engineering
News Release. January 23, 2018
New Report One of the Most Comprehensive Studies on Health Effects of E-Cigarettes; Finds That Using E-Cigarettes May Lead Youth to Start Smoking, Adults to Stop Smoking. http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx
Publication Released: January 23, 2018 Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2018/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes.aspx - ↑ 35.0 35.1 Rubinstein ML, Delucchi K, Benowitz NL, Ramo DE. Adolescent Exposure to Toxic Volatile Organic Chemicals From E-Cigarettes. Pediatrics. March 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507165 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/03/01/peds.2017-3557
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Rigotti NA, Chang Y, Tindle HA, et al Association of E-Cigarette Use With Smoking Cessation Among Smokers Who Plan to Quit After a Hospitalization: A Prospective Study. Ann Intern Med. 2018. March 27. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29582077 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2676738/association-e-cigarette-use-smoking-cessation-among-smokers-who-plan
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 St. Helen G, Eaton DL. Public Health Consequences of e-Cigarette Use. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 7, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801158 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2680315
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Boyles S. E-Cigarette Flavorings May Harm Blood Vessels, Cell studies show short-term endothelial disruption with exposure. MedPage Today, June 14, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/pulmonology/smoking/73507
Fetterman JL, Weisbrod RM, Feng B et al Flavorings in Tobacco Products Induce Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018 Jun 14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29903732 - ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Mirbolouk M, Charkhchi P, Kianoush S et al Prevalence and Distribution of E-Cigarette Use Among U.S. Adults: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016. Ann Intern Med. 2018. Aug 28. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30167658 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2698112/prevalence-distribution-e-cigarette-use-among-u-s-adults-behavioral
Rigotti NA Monitoring the Rapidly Changing Landscape of E-Cigarettes. Ann Intern Med. 2018. Aug 28. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30167664 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2698113/monitoring-rapidly-changing-landscape-e-cigarettes - ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kelley KJ, Sadoughi S FDA Threatens to Take Flavored E-Cigarettes off the Market. Physician's First Watch, Sept 13, 2018 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
FDA News Release. Sept 12, 2018 FDA takes new steps to address epidemic of youth e-cigarette use, including a historic action against more than 1,300 retailers and 5 major manufacturers for their roles perpetuating youth access. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620184.htm
FDA Statement. Sept 12, 2018 Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on new steps to address epidemic of youth e-cigarette use. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620185.htm - ↑ 41.0 41.1 Trivers KF, Phillips E, Gentzke AS Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Electronic Cigarettes Among US Youth. JAMA Pediatr. Published online September 17, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30242366 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2702200
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 McMillen R, Tanski S, Wilson K, Klein JD, Winickoff JP. Adolescent use of different e-cigarette products. Pediatrics 2018 Sep 10 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30201626 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/09/06/peds.2018-0260
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 King BA, PhD, Gammon DG, Marynak KL et al Electronic Cigarette Sales in the United States, 2013-2017. JAMA. 2018;320(13):1379-1380 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30285167 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2705175
Hariprakasha S (image) The JUUL: A New Avenue of Nicotine Addiction National Cancer Institute Poster. July 30, 2018 https://ncifrederick.cancer.gov/about/theposter/content/juul-new-avenue-nicotine-addiction - ↑ 44.0 44.1 FDA Statement. Nov. 15, 2018 Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on proposed new steps to protect youth by preventing access to flavored tobacco products and banning menthol in cigarettes. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm625884.htm
Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Gentzke AS, Apelberg BJ, Jamal A, King BA. Notes from the Field: Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Any Tobacco Product Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2011-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1276-1277 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6745a5.htm
FDA News Release. Nov 15, 2018 Results from 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey show dramatic increase in e-cigarette use among youth over past year. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm625917.htm - ↑ 45.0 45.1 FDA Safety Alert. Dec 11, 2018 FDA alerts consumers not to use two e-liquids sold by HelloCig Electronic Technology. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm628135.htm
- ↑ Miech R, Johnston L, O'Malley PM et al Adolescent Vaping and Nicotine Use in 2017-2018 - U.S. National Estimates. N Engl J Med. Dec 17, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554549 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1814130
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Brooks M. FDA Investigating Reports of Seizures After Vaping. Medscape - Apr 03, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/911298
FDA Special Announcement. April 3, 2019 Some E-cigarette Users Are Having Seizures, Most Reports Involving Youth and Young Adults. https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/NewsEvents/ucm635133.htm - ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) CDC, FDA, States Continue to Investigate Severe Pulmonary Disease Among People Who Use E-cigarettes Media Statement. Aug 21, 2019 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0821-cdc-fda-states-e-cigarettes.html
- ↑ FDA Safety Alert Aug 30, 2019. E-Cigarette Products: Safety Communication - Due to the Incidents of Severe Respiratory Disease Associated with Use of an E-Cigarette Product. https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch-safety-alerts-human-medical-products/e-cigarette-products-safety-communication-due-incidents-severe-respiratory-disease-associated-use-e
CDC Health Alert Network. Aug 30, 2019. Severe Pulmonary Disease Associated with Using E-Cigarette Products. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00421.asp - ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Jackson County Health Department Oregon Public Health Division. Sept 2019
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Jabba SV, Jordt SE Risk Analysis for the Carcinogen Pulegone in Mint- and Menthol- Flavored e-Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 16, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31524930 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2751245
- ↑ Jatlaoui TC, Wiltz JL, Kabbani S, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers for Managing Patients with Suspected E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use- Associated Lung Injury - United States, November 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 19 November 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31751322 Free Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6846e2.htm
Chatham-Stephens K, Roguski K, Jang Y, et al. Characteristics of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use- Associated Lung Injury - United States, November 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 19 November 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31751326 Free Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6846e1.htm - ↑ 53.0 53.1 Blount BC, Karwowski MP, Morel-Espinosa M, et al. Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients in an Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury - 10 States, August-Octeober 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:1040-1041 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31725707 Free PMC Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6845e2.htm
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Oransky I, Kincaid E 'Evidence That e-Cigs Cause Heart Attacks' Retracted. Medscape - Feb 19, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925461
Bhatta D, Glantz S. Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction Among Adults in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jun 18;8(12):e012317. Retraction in: J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Feb 18;9(4):e014519. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31165662 Free PMC Article - ↑ Phend C FDA Gives First Greenlight to E-Cig. New approval pathway used for the first time for an ENDS device. MedPage Today October 12, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/healthpolicy/94993
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Xie W et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with respiratory symptom development among U.S. young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022 Jun 1; 205:1320. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35089853 https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.202107-1718OC
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lin H-X et al. Efficacy of electronic cigarettes vs varenicline and nicotine chewing gum as an aid to stop smoking: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2024 Jan 29; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38285562 PMCID: PMC10825782 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2814489
Hatsukami DK, Prochaska JJ. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation - A clinician's dilemma. JAMA Intern Med 2024 Jan 29; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38285557 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2814496 - ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Tackett AP, Urman R, Barrington-Trimis J et al. Prospective study of e-cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in adolescents and young adults. Thorax 2024 Jan 18; 79:163 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37582630 https://thorax.bmj.com/content/79/2/163