nephrotoxic substances
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Etiology
- Metals
- Analgesics
- acetaminophen (toxic levels)
- aminopyrene
- hydrocodone (Hycodan)
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- non-specific & selective COX-2 inhibitors
- phenacetin
- phenylbutazone
- salicylates
- Antimicrobial agents
- Antiviral agents
- Antineoplastic agents
- carboplatin (CDBCA, Paraplatin)
- cisplatin
- cyclophosphamide
- ifosfamide
- methotrexate (high dose)
- mitomycin C (Mutamycin)
- nitrosoureas
- lomustine
- semustine
- plicamycin (mithramycin)
- streptozocin
- Organic solvents
- Other pharmaceuticals
- acetazolamide
- aminogluthemide (Cytadren)
- epsilon-aminocaproic acid
- aminosalicylic acid
- boric acid
- captopril
- cyclosporine
- dextran (low molecular weight)
- dimercaprol (BAL, British anti-Lewisite, dithioglycerol)
- FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf)
- furosemide
- mannitol
- methoxyflurane
- omeprazole (tubulointerstitial nephritis)
- pamidronate (Aredia)
- d-penicillamine
- pentamidine
- phenindione
- quinine
- radiographic contrast media
- thiazides
- triamterene
- zoxazolamine