lactation (breastfeeding)

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Indications

Benefits of breast feeding:

* shorter lactation duration is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis independent of prepregnancy cardiovascular risk factors

Does increase intelligence in children[18]

Not well tolerated by many women[2]

Does NOT prevent childhood obesity[10][17][21]

Bottle-fed infants gain more weight in 1st year of life than breast-fed infants (regardless of milk-type)[14]

* assessment of benefits may depend upon population studied

Complications

Management

recommendations:[3][6]

For preventing asthma & allergies, total duration of breast- feeding is more important than excluding other foods

  • introducing wheat, rye, oats, & barley before 5.5 months of age, fish before 9 months of age, & eggs before 11 months is associated with diminished risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis, & specific IgE sensitizatio
  • breast-feeding durations of > 9.5 months is associated with diminished risk of nonatopic asthma[16]

Medications:

Vaccinations:

Notes

More general terms

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Journal Watch 22(9):73, 2002 Gray L et al, Pediatrics 109:590, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11927701
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 23(14):109, 2003 Ahluwalia IB et al, J Pediatr 142:486, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756378
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Journal Watch 24(2):19, 2004 Friel JK et al, J Pediatr 143:582, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615726 Lozoff B, J Pediatr 143:554, 2003
  4. ↑ Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2):496-506. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687461 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/115/2/496
  5. ↑ Coutinho SB, de Lira PI, de Carvalho Lima M, Ashworth A. Comparison of the effect of two systems for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. Lancet. 2005 Sep 24-30;366(9491):1094-100. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16182897
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Prescriber's Letter 13(8): 2006 DHA Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=220810&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Der G et al, Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: Prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006, 333:945 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17020911
  8. ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(4): 2007 OTC medication use while breastfeeding Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230412&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  9. ↑ Management of breastfeeding for pre-term infants Singapore Ministry of Health http://www.hpp.moh.gov.sg/HPP/MungoBlobs/949/91/Card%20&%20booklet%20-%20MOH%20Nursing%20CPG%20-%20Management%20of%20Breastfeeding%20for%20Pre-term%20Infants%202006.pdf
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Michels KB et al, A longitudinal study of infant feeding and obesity throughout life course. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, April 24 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452993 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803622
  11. ↑ Prescriber's Letter 16(6): 2009 Antibiotic and Antifungal Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250620&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vital Signs: Hospital Practices to Support Breastfeeding
    United States, 2007 and 2009 MMWR, August 5, 2011 / 60(30);1020-1025 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6030a4.htm
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Li R et al Risk of Bottle-feeding for Rapid Weight Gain During the First Year of Life Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(5):431-436 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22566543 <Internet> http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/166/5/431
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 De Groot L et al Management of Thyroid Dysfunction during Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab August 1, 2012 97(8):2543 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869843 <Internet> http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/97/8/2543.abstract (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018)
    Stagnaro-Green A Optimal Care of the Pregnant Woman with Thyroid Disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab August 1, 2012 97(8):2619 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869845 <Internet> http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/97/8/2619.full
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Nwaru BI et al. Timing of infant feeding in relation to childhood asthma and allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013 Jan; 131:78 http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(12)01696-X/abstract
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Martin RM et al Effects of Promoting Longer-term and Exclusive Breastfeeding on Adiposity and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I at Age 11.5 Years. A Randomized Trial JAMA. 2013;309(10):1005-1013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23483175 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1667089
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Belfort MB et al Infant Feeding and Childhood Cognition at Ages 3 and 7 Years. Effects of Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity. JAMA Pediatr. July 29, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896931 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1720224
    Christakis DA Breastfeeding and Cognition. Can IQ Tip the Scale? JAMA Pediatr. July 29, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896823 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1720223
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Sachs HC and the Committee on Drugs The Transfer of Drugs and Theapeutics Into Human Breast Milk: An Update on Selected Topics: Pediatrics. August 26, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979084 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/08/20/peds.2013-1985.full.pdf+html
  20. ↑ Leachman SA, Reed BR. The use of dermatologic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Apr;24(2):167-97, vi. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677965
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 van Niel CW Physician's First Watch, April 11, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
    Colen CG and Ramey DM. Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons. Soc Sci Med 2014 Jan 29 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698713 <Internet> http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614000549
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 FDA News Release. June 10, 2014 FDA and EPA issue draft updated advice for fish consumption. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm397929.htm
  23. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Breast Feeding Report Card. United States 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
  24. ↑ United States Breast Feeding Committee Healthy People 2020: Breastfeeding Objectives http://www.usbreastfeeding.org/LegislationPolicy/FederalPoliciesInitiatives/HealthyPeople2020BreastfeedingObjectives/tabid/120/Default.aspx
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Victora CG et al Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. The Lancet. Global Health. 2015. 3(4):e199-205 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794674 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X%2815%2970002-1/abstract
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Herman AO, Fairchild DG, Di Francesco L Online Breast Milk Market Puts Infants at Risk. Physician's First Watch, March 25, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Keim SA et al Cow's Milk Contamination of Human Milk Purchased via the Internet. Pediatrics. April 6, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25847797 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/03/31/peds.2014-3554
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Amitay EL, Keinan-Boker L Breastfeeding and Childhood Leukemia Incidence. A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(6):e151025. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030516 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2299705
  29. ↑ Gunderson EP et al. Lactation duration and midlife atherosclerosis. Obstet Gynecol 2015 Aug; 126:381 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241429
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Krol KM et al. Genetic variation in CD38 and breastfeeding experience interact to impact infants' attention to social eye cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Sep 29; 112:E5434 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26371313 <Internet> http://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/E5434?ijkey=d8ac2cb6121ef027533d2e4c602d00c60c994c34&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Gunderson EP et al Lactation and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort. Ann Intern Med. Published online 24 November 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595611 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2471594
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Olaiya ), Dee DL, Sharma AJ, Smith RA, Maternity Care Practices and Breastfeeding Among Adolescent Mothers Aged 12-19 Years - United States, 2009-2011. MMWR Weekly / January 22, 2016 / 65(2);17-22 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6502a1.htm
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement Breastfeeding: Primary Care Interventions opportunity for public comment expires on May 23, 2016 http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement158/breastfeeding-primary-care-interventions
    U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Evidence Review Draft Evidence Review for Breastfeeding: Primary Care Interventions opportunity for public comment expires on May 23, 2016 http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review149/breastfeeding-primary-care-interventions
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Belfort, MB, Anderson PJ, Nowak VA et al Breast Milk Feeding, Brain Development, and Neurocognitive Outcomes: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study in Infants Born at Less Than 30 Weeks' Gestation. J Pediatr 2016. July 26. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480198 <Internet> http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30411-5/pdf
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 US Preventive Services Task Force Primary Care Interventions to Support Breastfeeding. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2016;316(16):1688-1693 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784102 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2571249
    Patnode CD, Henninger ML, Senger CA et al Primary Care Interventions to Support Breastfeeding. Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016;316(16):1694-1705 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784101 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2571248
    Christakis DA In Support of Breastfeeding Support in Primary Care. JAMA Pediatr. Published online October 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784036 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2565110
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Umaretiya PJ, Oberhelman SS, Cozine EW et al Maternal Preferences for Vitamin D Supplementation in Breastfed Infants. Ann Fam Med. January/February 2017 vol. 15 no. 1 68-70 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376463 Free full text <Internet> http://www.annfammed.org/content/15/1/68
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Barbieri RL Endometrial Cancer and Breast-Feeding: Add Another Benefit to the Inventory. NEJM Journal Watch. May 18, 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
    Jordan SJ, Na R, Johnatty SE et al. Breastfeeding and endometrial cancer risk: An analysis from the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. Obstet Gynecol 2017 Jun; 129:1059 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28486362
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 LLanger-Gould A, Smith JB, Hellwig K et al. Breastfeeding, ovulatory years, and risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurol (Tokyo) 2017 Jul 12; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28701499 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/07/07/WNL.0000000000004207
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Farland LV, Eliassen AH, Tamimi RM et al History of breast feeding and risk of incident endometriosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2017;358:j3778 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28851765 Free Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3778
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Gunderson EP, Lewis CE, Lin Y et al Lactation Duration and Progression to Diabetes in Women Across the Childbearing Years. The 30-Year CARDIA Study. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 16, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29340577 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2668634
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Garcia-Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Jarrold K et al Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine. February 28, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29489823 <Internet> http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002507
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Kronenfeld N et al. Chronic use of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding women: Is it safe? PLoS One 2018 May 21; 13:e0197196 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29782546 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0197196
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Matro R, Martin CF, Wolf D et al. Exposure concentrations of infants breastfed by women receiving biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases and effects of breastfeeding on infections and development. Gastroenterology 2018 May 29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29857090
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Gibson L, Porter M Drinking or Smoking While Breastfeeding and Later Cognition in Children. Pediatrics. July 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061301 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/07/26/peds.2017-4266
    Jansson LM Maternal Alcohol Use During Lactation and Child Development. Pediatrics. July 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061303 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/07/26/peds.2018-1377
  45. ↑ The CDC Guide to Strategies to Support Breastfeeding Mothers and Babies. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/resources/guide.htm
  46. ↑ Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT
  47. ↑ Motherisk http://www.motherisk.org/index.jsp
    The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine http://www.bfmed.org/index.asp?menuID=139&firstlevelmenuID=139
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