cow's milk

^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Complications

milk consumption > 2 glasses/day associated with increased mortality^[2] (RR=1.94 for women, RR=1.10 for men)
- milk consumption not associated with increased risk of mortality^[4]
milk consumption not associated with cardiovascular risk^[4]
milk consumption > 2 glasses/day also associated with increased risk for any fracture & hip fracture in women^[2]
milk consumption associated with increased risk for prostate cancer. especially aggressive or fatal forms^[4]

D-galactose, found in milk, induces oxidative stress damage & chronic inflammation in animals^[2]

raw or unpasteurized milk or milk products not recommended for children or pregnant women^[1]
outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to unpasteurized milk^[3]
- Campylobacter most commonly implicated

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Nutrition Consumption of Raw or Unpasteurized Milk and Milk Products by Pregnant Women and Children. Pediatrics. Dec 16, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24344105 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/12/10/peds.2013-3502.full.pdf+html
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Michaelsson K et al Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies BMJ 2014;349:g6015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352269 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6015
Schooling CM Milk and mortality. BMJ 2014;349:g6205 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352270 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6205
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Mungai EA et al Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Increased Outbreaks Associated with Nonpasteurized Milk, United States, 2007-2012 Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21(1) January 2015 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/1/14-0447_article
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Willett WC, Ludwig DS. Milk and Health. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:644-654. Feb 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32053300 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1903547