etiology of pneumonia
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Etiology
- community acquired
- nosocomial bacterial infections (60% gram-negative bacilli)
- atypical bacteria
- aspiration pneumonia
- community-acquired: anaerobes & gram-positive cocci
- nosocomial:
- gram-negative organisms:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- virus
- influenza A & B
- adenovirus
- parainfluenza virus
- respiratory syncytial virus (children)
- varicella (chickenpox, more common in adults)
- Herpes virus (including cytomegalovirus)
- immunocompromised & patients with burns
- rhinovirus ?
- fungi
- parasites: Pneumocystis carinii (AIDS)
- rickettsiae
* bacterial pathogens detected by multiplex PCR assay[5]
- Hemophilus influenzae in 33%
- Streptococcus pneumoniae in 20%
- Staphylococcus aureus in 20%
- gram-negative bacilli in 18%
- Moraxella catarrhalis in 12%
* also see community-acquired pneumonia for percentage of isolates
Pathology
Pathogens associated with comorbid conditions
- altered consciousness or aspiration: anaerobes
- COPD:
- nursing home residents:
- poor dental hygiene is risk factor[4]
- Enterobacteriaceae
- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- respiratory viruses
- immunodeficiency
- cystic fibrosis
- influenza epidemic: Staphylococcus aureus
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th edition, Ewald & McKenzie (eds) Little, Brown & Co, 1995, pg 247-49
- ↑ Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 775-78
- ↑ Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Journal Watch 25(4):31, 2005 Quagliarello V, Ginter S, Han L, Van Ness P, Allore H, Tinetti M. Modifiable risk factors for nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):1-6. Epub 2004 Dec 01. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15614684 Terpenning M. Prevention of aspiration pneumonia in nursing home patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):7-8. Epub 2004 Dec 01. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15614685
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Falsey AR et al. Real-life assessment of BioFire FilmArray pneumonia panel in adults hospitalized with respiratory illness. J Infect Dis 2023 Jun 27; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37369370 https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiad221/7209038