Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR agent)
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Epidemiology
- found primarily in human respiratory tract
- > cardiovascular tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- > brain, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, & bone marrow.[5][6]
- > cardiovascular tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- no known reservoirs
- person to person spread
- cycles of disease every few years
- re-infection is common
- 10% of community-acquired pneumonia
Pathology
- causes a spectrum of disease:
- mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to pneumonia
- considered an etiologic agent of coronary artery disease
- may be etiologic agent of Alzheimer's disease (AD)[6]
Pharmacology
- antimicrobial susceptibility
- macrolides, tetracyclines, & fluoroquinolones (primary)[7][8]
- beta-lactams are not effective[9]
Clinical manifestations
- incubation period 10-65 days
- 15% of patients are symptomatic
- pharyngitis (90%)
- pneumonia (10%)
- bronchitis (5%)
- sinusitis (5%)
- pharyngeal erythema (common)
- wheezing (common)
Laboratory
- obligate intracellular bacteria
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae serology
- complement fixation: insensitive & non-specific
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae antigen
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA, Chlamydophila pneumoniae rRNA
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae+Chlamydophila psittaci DNA
- culture for Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- see ARUP consult[4]
Radiology
- chest X-ray: unilateral, segmental, patchy opacity
Management
- tetracycline 500 mg PO QID
- doxycycline 100 mg IV/PO BID
- macrolide
More general terms
References
- ↑ Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th edition, Ewald & McKenzie (eds) Little, Brown & Co, 1995, pg 301-302
- ↑ Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 798
- ↑ Journal Watch 20(14):111, 2000 Ericson et al Circulation 101:2568 2000
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 ARUP Consult: Chlamydophila Species - Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/chlamydophila-species
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Roulis E, Bachmann NL, Myers GS et al Comparative genomic analysis of human Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates from respiratory, brain and cardiac tissues. Genomics. 2015 Dec;106(6):373-83. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420648 Free article. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754315300343?
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Vit JP et al Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Alzheimer's disease retina. Nat Commun. 2026 Jan 22;17(1):771. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41571675 PMCID: PMC12827417 Free PMC article. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12827417/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Burillo A, Bouza E. Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;24(1):61-71. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171546 Review.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S. Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Jan;15(1):29-35. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19220337 Free article. Review.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Taavitsainen-Wahlroos E, Reigada I, Sulmona I, Hanski L. Impact of azithromycin, doxycycline and redox-active small molecules on amoxicillin-induced Chlamydia pneumoniae persistence. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Nov;167:115451. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37690390 Free article. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332223012490