causes of pulmonary hypertension
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Etiology
- left atrial hypertension*
- mitral stenosis
- left heart failure
- LV systolic dysfunction
- LV diastolic dysfunction (most common in elderly, USA) (28%)
- left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) > 15 mm Hg
- congenital heart disease
- left atrial myxoma
- hypoxemia*
- chronic hypoxemia
- severe nocturnal hypoxemia (sleep apnea)
- alveolar hypoventilation disorders
- chronic high altitude exposure (chronic mountain sickness)
- left to right shunts
- vascular diseases of the lung
- connective tissue disease
- HIV1 infection, AIDS
- schistosomiasis (world-wide most common cause)
- familial, congenital
- pharmaceutical agents
- idiopathic
- drugs of abuse
- intravenous injection of lipids
- chronic hepatic cirrhosis
- portal hypertension
- primary amyloidosis
- extrinsic compression of pulmonary artery or pulmonary venous trunks
- sickle cell anemia
- pulmonary venous hypertension
- splenectomy
- myeloproliferative disorder
- sarcoidosis
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- neurofibromatosis
- vasculitis
- thyroid disease[2]
- end-stage kidney disease (hemodialysis)
* left heart disease & hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease most common causes[1]
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 780-81
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2015, 2018, 2022.
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1213