dyslexia (reading disability)

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Introduction

Primary reading disorder.

Etiology

  • 40% of dyslexic children have an immediate relative with a similar problem
  • symmetry or reversal of asymmetry of planum temporale, with right > left
  • visual evoked potentials indicate altered rapid visual processing
  • bioelectrical mapping shows altered left hemisphere function
  • Misconceptions regarding dyslexia:
    • visual-spatial deficits do not underlie dyslexia
    • backward writing & letter reversals are not characteristic of dyslexia
    • uncertain hand preference is not characteristic of dyslexia

Epidemiology

  • common, affects 5-10% of school-age children

Genetics

History

  • poor school performance
  • reading skills are below normal
  • writing skills are below normal
  • inability to decipher phonetics of words
  • misinterpreting number sequences
  • frequent errors with simple mathematical tasks
  • social problems with school mates
  • poor school behavior

Physical examination

Laboratory

Diagnostic procedures

neuropsychologic testing

Radiology

Differential diagnosis

Management

  • team approach of neurologists, neuropsychologists, educators
  • individualized tutoring
  • exercises to correct the deficit
  • counseling
  • supportive parents
  • resources for patient & family
    • The Orton Dyslexia Society Suite 382 8600 La Salle Road Baltimore, MD 21204-6020 Phone: (800) 2223-123
    • The National Center for Learning Disabilities 99 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 Phone: (202) 687-7211
    • Learning disablities Association of America, Inc. 4156 Liberty Rd. Pittsburgh, PA 15234 Phone: (412) 341-1515

More general terms

More specific terms

References

  1. Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996 pg 1036-37
  2. 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 21(9):73, 2001 Paulesu et al, Science 291:2165, 2002 Helmuth, Science 291:2064, 2001
  3. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) NINDS Dyslexia Information Page https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page

Patient information

dyslexia patient information

Database