protein S100-A9; S100 Ca+2-binding protein A9; calgranulin-B; migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14; MRP-14; p14; Leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain; calprotectin L1H subunit (S100A9, CAGB, CFAG, MRP14)
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Function
- Ca+2-binding protein
- antimicrobial activity towards bacteria & fungi
- important for resistance to invasion by pathogenic bacteria
- up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B.
- promotes tubulin polymerization when unphosphorylated.
- promotes phagocyte migration & infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding
- plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute & chronic inflammation & up-regulates the release of IL8 & cell-surface expression of ICAM1
- extracellular calprotectin binds to target cells & promotes apoptosis
- antimicrobial & proapoptotic activity is inhibited by Zn+2
- phosphorylated; phosphorylation inhibits activation of tubulin polymerization
- homodimer; heterotetramer with S100A8.
- component of the heterotetrameric calprotectin complex
- interacts with CEACAM3 & tubulin filaments (Ca+2-dependent)
- may interact with components of the intermediate filaments in monocytes & epithelial cells
- homodimer interacts with AGER & with the heterodimeric complex formed by TLR4 & LY96 in the presence of Ca+2 &/or Zn+2
- homodimer binds quinoline-3-carboxamides in the presence of Ca+2 &/or Zn+2
- associates with tubulin filaments in activated monocytes targeted to the cell surface upon Ca+2 influx.
Structure
- belongs to the S-100 family
- contains 2 EF-hand domains
- mass spec: mass=13115; method=MALDI; Range=2-114[4]
Compartment
Expression
- expressed by macrophages in acutely inflammed tissues & in chronic inflammation
- detected in peripheral blood leukocytes, in neutrophils & granulocytes
- detected at sites of vascular inflammation (at protein level)
- also expressed in epithelial cells constitutively or induced during dermatoses
Pathology
- released from blood leukocytes upon exposure to CSF2/GM-CSF, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) & during inflammatory processes
- plays a role in development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (putative).
- serum levels are high in patients suffering from chronic inflammation
Laboratory
- serum S100A8/A9 may be useful as a marker of inflammation & in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis
More general terms
Additional terms
Component of
References
- ↑ UniProt http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06702.html
- ↑ OMIM https://mirror.omim.org/entry/123886
- ↑ Entrez Gene http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Graphics&list_uids=6280
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Itou H et al The crystal structure of human MRP14 (S100A9), a Ca(2+)- dependent regulator protein in inflammatory process. J Mol Biol. 2002 Feb 15;316(2):265-76. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11851337