apoptosis
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Origin
- apoptosis is from the Greek apo meaning 'from' & ptosis meaning 'a fall'
- the term apoptosis was originally used to describe the cell death that occurred outside the zone of central necrosis resulting from ligation of the portal vein
Pathology
- an important feature of apoptosis is that it results in elimination of the dying cell without induction of the inflammatory process
- in contrast, necrotic cell death is associated with an early loss in membrane integrity, leakage of cytoplasmic contents & induction of the inflammatory process
- necrosis is pathologic, whereas apoptosis can be pathologic or physiologic
- two cell surface cytokine receptors, Fas/Apo-1 antigen & the TNF receptor trigger apoptosis by binding endogenous ligands or specific agonist antibodies
- receptor activation leads to activation of caspases (the executioners).
* see figure caspase signaling, see figure PI-3 kinase
Physiology
- apoptosis is characterized by controlled auto-digestion of the cell through the activation of cellular proteases & endonucleases[1]
- cytoskeletal disruption, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation & loss of mitochondrial function are characteristics of apoptosis
- the dying cell maintains its plasma membrane integrity; however alterations in surface molecules of apoptotic cells signal resident phagocytes to engulf them
Laboratory
* image of myeloblast apoptosis[5]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science. 1995 Mar 10;267(5203):1456-62. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7878464
- ↑ Sedlak TW, Snyder SH. Messenger molecules and cell death: therapeutic implications. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4;295(1):81-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391220
- ↑ Okada H, Mak TW. Pathways of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Aug;4(8):592-603. Review. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286739
- ↑ Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell. 2004 Jan 23;116(2):205-19. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744432
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Markewitz RDH, Dargvainiene J Images in Clinical Medicine Mitotic and Apoptotic Figures on a Peripheral-Blood Smear. N Engl J Med. 2021. May 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34014049 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm2033085