vegetarian diet
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Introduction
A diet consisting of foods only of vegetable origin, excluding meat or foods of animal origin.
Notes
- lowers risk of diverticular disease ~30%[2]
- lowers all-cause mortality[3]
- benefit greater in men
- pescovegetarian diet marginally better than vegan diet
- diminished bowel transit time with increased frequency of bowel movements[2]
- may reduce risk of gastrointestinal cancer[13]
- gastric cancer (RR=0.41) more so than colorectal cancer (RR=0.85)[13]
- reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR=0.78)[4]
- pescovegetarians with lowest risk (RR=0.57)
- more so in men than women
- more so in Asian & North American than European
- no risk reduction for esophageal cancer[5]
- gastric cancer (RR=0.41) more so than colorectal cancer (RR=0.85)[13]
- equally beneficial vs Mediterranean diet in reducing weight & improving cardiovascular risk profiles[5]
- a vegetarian diet may improve cardiometabolic outcomes beyond standard pharmacological therapy in individuals at high cardiovascular risk[12]
- potential protective & synergistic effects of vegetarian diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease[12]
- a vegetarian diet reduces cardiometabolic risk factors & cardioavascular mortality[14]
- reduces HgbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes (0.3%)[6]
- reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes[6]
- low carbohydrate diets high in plant protein or fat associated with decreased mortality[7]
- lowers risk of ischemic heart disease (RR=0.78)
- kowers LDL cholesterol 11%[9]
- effects on risk of stroke conflicting
- increases risk for stroke (RR=1.2) & hemorrhagic stroke (RR=1.4) vs meat eaters[8]
- pescovegetarian does not increase risk of stroke[8]
- increases risk for stroke (RR=1.2) & hemorrhagic stroke (RR=1.4) vs meat eaters[8]
- reduces risk of stroke (total, ischemic, & hemorrhagic) vs non-vegetarian diet in Buddhists[9]
- a vegetarian lifestyle is associated with ~ twice as many depressive episodes as those who eat meat in Brazil[11]
- the depressive episodes are not caused by nutrition but possibly by several factors, including the vegetarian social experience[11]
- depression itself may increase the likelihood of becoming vegetarian
- vegetarian diet & depression may be associated with guilt via factors involving the meat industry[11]
- a vegetarian diet may affect relationships with others, involvement in social activities, & social ostracism
- vegetarians account for 0.5% of Brazil's population[11]
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Crowe FL et al Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians BMJ 2011; 343:d4131 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771850 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4131.full
Humes DJ and West J Diet and risk of diverticular disease BMJ 2011; 343:d4115 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771832 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4115.extract - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Orlich MJ et al Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-8. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836264 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1691919
Baron RB Should We All Be Vegetarians? Comment on "Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2" JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-2. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836265 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1691926 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Orlich MJ et al Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Cancers. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 09, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751512 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2174939
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Busko M Vegetarian or Mediterranean? Both Diets Improve Weight, Lipids. Medscape. Feb 27, 2018 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893184
Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G. Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). Circulation. February 26, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29483085 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/02/14/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Frellick M Vegetarian Diet Improves HbA1c, Reduces CV Risk in Diabetes. Medscape - Jul 06, 2018 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898976
Viguiliouk E, Kendall CW, Kahleova H et al Effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutriion. June 13, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960809 https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(18)30220-6/fulltext - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S et al Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health. Aug 16, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30122560 Free full text https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30135-X/fulltext
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE et al Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ 2019;366:l4897 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31484644 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4897
Lawrence MA, McNaughton SA Vegetarian diets and health. BMJ 2019;366:l5272 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31484646 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l5272 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Chiu THT, Chang HR, Wang LY et al Vegetarian diet and incidence of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke in 2 cohorts in Taiwan. Neurology. Feb 26, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32102976 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2020/02/26/WNL.0000000000009093
Spence JD, Tangney C Lower risk of stroke with a vegetarian diet. Neurology. Feb 26, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32102978 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2020/02/26/WNL.0000000000009092 - ↑ Mariotti F, Gardner CD Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets-A Review. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 4;11(11):2661. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3390/nu11112661. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31690027 PMCID: PMC6893534 Free PMC article
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Medscape staff Vegetarians Suffer More Depression Than Meat Eaters. Medscape. Dec 27, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986196
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Wang T, Kroeger CM, Cassidy S, et al. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risk in People With or at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jul 3;6(7):e2325658 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37490288 PMCID: PMC10369207 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2807597
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Bai T, Peng J, Zhu X, Wu C Vegetarian diets and the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Nov 1;35(11):1244-1252 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37724454 PMCID: PMC10538608 Free PMC article
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Landry MJ, Senkus KE, Mangels AR et al Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2024 Sep 28;20:100868. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39430429 PMCID: PMC11489049 Free PMC article. Review.