screening for breast cancer
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Epidemiology
- screening differences may account for much of higher risk* of breast cancer with poor prognosis in black women relative to white women[5]
- mortality reduction from breast cancer due to screening is 2.4 per 100,000 or ~ 1/3 of the 7.2 deaths from breast cancer[12]
- screening mammography associated with widespread overdiagnosis without reduction in mortality[39]
- according to GRS9[27] screening for breast cancer reduces the incidence of breast cancer
- interval breast cancer detected between screeninga associated with higher mortality than breast cancer detected during routine screening mammography[66]
* special considerations for high-risk women
- assess genetic predisposition by obtaining a 3-generation family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer & other cancers[8]
- only women with a positive family history should receive genetic testing[8]
- women having received chest irradiation between age 10-30 (see # below)
- also see risk factors for breast cancer & management of high-risk women
# Annual mammography & MRI screening for high-risk:[2][7][8][25]
- begin screening 5-10 years earlier than youngest age family member diagnosed with breast cancer or presumptively age 30-35 years which ever comes first
- women with BRCA1 &/or BRCA2 mutations
- 1st degree relatives of BRCA carriers
- women with 20% or greater lifetime risk, assessed by
- BRCAPRO & other family-history-dependent models
- women having received chest irradiation between age 10-30
- annual mammography[8]
- women with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, & Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome or their 1st degree relatives
Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against MRI screening for:
- women with a lifetime risk of 15-20%
- women with lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical lobular hyperplasia
- women with atypical ductal hyperplasia
- women with heterogeneous or extreme breast density on mammography
- women with a personal history of breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ
MRI not recommended for women with a less than 15% lifetime risk
Indications
- mammography
- biennial mammography for women age 50-74[10][37][38][42] (USPSTF, ACP)
- for women age 40-49, choice based on patient preferences & family history[37][38] (shared decision making) (USPSTF, ACP)
- for most women age 40-49, potential harms outweigh the benefits[62]
- annually after age 40 endorsed by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) (controversial recommendation)[69]
- screening women 70-74 years may lower 8-year breast cancer mortality by 1 death per 1000 women[65]
- screening in women >= 75 years of no benefit[65]
- annual screening for women with very dense breast tissue[47][67]
- for average risk women with fatty breasts, triennial screening is cost-effective[7]; biennial screening is not[47]
- shared decision making[59]
- American Cancer Society recommends annual screening mammography for all women age 45-54 & biennial screening for women age >=55 until life expectancy is < 10 years[40][51]
- women should have the opportunity to begin annual screening mammography at age 40 & continue annual screening indefinitely[40]
- clinical breast examination for average-risk women of any age not recommended[40]
- American Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology (ACOG)
- women should be offered screening mammography beginning at age 40[52]
- if women don't start screening in their 40s, they should do so at age 50
- the decision on when to begin screening should follow a discussion of the potential benefits & harms of screening
- formerly annual mammography beginning at age 40[15]
- screening should occur every 1 or 2 years, depending on the patient's preference[2]
- women should be screened until at least age 75
- after this, the decision whether to stop screening should follow a discussion of the woman's current health & life expectancy
- clinical breast exam can be offered to women aged 25-39 every 1 to 3 years
- for women >= 40 years, clinical breast exam can be offered annually[52]
- screening older women every 2 years reduces false positives (29% vs 48% for annual screening) without change in characteristics of breast cancer diagnoses[22]
- no mortality advantage with annual screening mammography
- overdiagnosis in > 20% of lesions found[28]
- screening mammography leads to more overdiagnosis than early detection[48]
- mortality reduction with annual screening mammography[53]
- annual screening at ages 40-84 > annual screening at ages 45-54, then biennial screening until age 79 > biennial screening at ages 50 (12 vs 9 vs 7 per 1000 women screened)
- same screening stategies would lead to 481,000, 286,000, & 163,000 benign biopsies for some 2.5 million women[53]
- editorialist notes analysis focuses on benefits of screening without adequately considering harms[53]
- little effect on reducing rates of advanced breast cancer or mortality from breast cancer in the Netherlands[55]
- no consensus on upper age limit to discontinue screening, but USPSTF & ACP suggests upper age limit of 75 [10,42, 62]
- screening should discontinued in women with life expectancy < 10 years[8][51][62]
- gain in life expectancy by screening older women not clear
- clinical trials have not included women > 74 years of age, thus benefits of screening for breast cancer with mammography in patients >= 75 years of age is unknown[27]
- breast cancer detection rate 1.72 per 1000 for women age 40-44 years & 6.58 per 1000 for women age >= 90[51]
- continued routine screening after age 69 years may lead to overdiagnosis[33]
- screening mammography reduces mortality[4]
- 414 women screened for 7 years to save 1 life[16]
- evidence may not support screening[1]
- results in overdiagnosis of 30-50%[7]
- overdiagnosis increases most substantially at older ages
- does not reduce rate of mastectomy[17]
- increased risk of breast cancer with false-positive mammography[18] (seems too much potential for financial gain to exclude marketing bias)
- AI-supported mammography screening results in a similar rate of cancer detection reading by 2 radiologist, with a substantially lower radiologist workload[70]
- biennial mammography for women age 50-74[10][37][38][42] (USPSTF, ACP)
- dense breast tissue
- women with heterogenously dense or extremely dense breast tissue (BI-RADS categories) should undergo routine digital screening mammography[8][46]
- ultrasonography as an adjunctive screening test to mammography for women with dense breast tissue results in overdiagnosis[39][61]
- clinical & computer assessments of breast density with similar ability to predict risk of breast cancer[58]
- special considerations for high risk women*
- insufficient evidence to recommend for or against digital tomosynthesis (3-D digital mammography) or adjunctive screening methods in women with dense breasts with negative mammogram[42]
- annual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) + mammography for high-risk women
- lifetime risk of breast cancer of > 20-25%
- begin screening 5-10 years earlier than youngest age family member diagnosed with breast cancer or presumptively age 30-35 years which ever comes first
- MRI may be more sensitive than mammogram[2][3][11]#
- MRI associated with higher rates of subsequent biopsy, but lower yield of breast cancer findings[57]
- unlike mammography, breast MRI detects tumor neovascularity & perineoplastic inflammation[32]
- MRI not recommended for screening in average-risk women[8]
- rapid MRI protocol may become cost-effective[32]
- yield of breast cancer via MRI = 1.6%[64]
- most small ductal carcinoma in situ
- interval breast cancers within 2 years of biennial mammogram lower lower with breast MRI than in mammography alone (2.5 vs 5.0 per 1000)[64]
- ACS recommendations for screening with MRI[8]
- women with BRCA gene mutation
- 1st degree relative of BRCA gene mutation carrier
- women with a strong family history of breast cancer & >= 20% lifetime risk of breast cancer
- history of chest radiation between age 10 & 30 years (mantle radiation for Hodgkin's disease)
- annual MRI to begin at age 25 or 8 years after radiation therapy[8]
- history of familial breast cancer syndrome[8]
- a breast lump should be biopsied, even after a normal mammogram[8] (see breast lump)
- USPSTF recommends primary care screening for women at risk for BRCA gene mutation with brief familial risk assessment tool[63]
- BRCA1/BRCA2 genotyping in women with a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer[24]
- age 25-30 years:
- clinical breast examination every 6-12 months
- breast imaging annually (optimally, MRI with contrast)[54]
- age >= 30 years:
- annual mammography & MRI, alternating every 6 months[54]
- age 25-30 years:
Contraindications
- monthly self breast exam beginning at age 20
- USPSTF recommends against teaching women to perform self breast exams
- data insufficient to recommend self-examination[8]
- professional breast exam of questionable benefit
- every 3 years ages 20-39
- professional breast exam (added to mammography) yields 55 additional false-positives for every 1 additional case of breast cancer detected[9]
- do not use clinical breast exams as screening tool[62]
Notes
- 81% of women comply with USPSTF recommendations for screening, yet 34% of breast cancers present at late stage[13]
- 81% of physicians recommend screening mammography beginning at age 40 (USPSTF & American Cancer Society do not recommend this, only American Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology & National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) do[50][71]
- breast cancer presenting between screening more likely to have poor prognosis[14]
- 71% of women who die of breast cancer were not regularly screened[26]
- overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening[19]
- 1/3 of breast cancers may be a result of overdiagnosis[20]; > 20%[28]
- ductal carcinoma in situ, although not a life-threatening condition, is treated similarly to invasive breast cancer[35]
- screening is not associated with a decrease in advanced tumors[49]
- 1 in 3 invasive tumors & ductal carcinoma in situ cases diagnosed after screening were overdiagnoses[49]
- 15% of breast cancer screening diagnoses are overdiagnoses[68]
- mortality reduction due to screening
- 2.4 per 100,000 or ~1/3 (2.4/7.2) of the 7.2 per 100,000 deaths from breast cancer[12]
- no mortality reduction with annual mammography[28]
- overall breast cancer mortality has declined similarly (40-42%) in women > 40 & women < 40 years of age[20]
- women < 40 years of age are not frequently screened[20]
- biennial screening mammography is associated with a statistically significant reduction in breast cancer mortality[31]
- an editorialist comments: this modest mortality reduction needs to be weighed against harms including overdiagnosis, emotional stress, & high costs associated with widespread screening[31]
- prognosis of women with interval <A13981>breast cancers</A13981> (detected between mammograms) is the same as that of women with breast cancers diagnosed without mammography screening[21]
- screening 1000 women for 10 years prevents 1 breast cancer related death[23]
- 50% of women who die of breast cancer are <50 years of age[26]
- higher frequency of detection of ductal carcinoma in situ associated with lower frequency of prevention of breast cancer[41]
- 12-20% of elderly women screened for breast cancer despite failing eligibilty requirements[43]
- out-of-pocket costs reduce screening rates in women age 65-74[56]
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Journal Watch 22(2):12, 2002
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Journal Watch 24(17):133, 2004 Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, Besnard PE, Zonderland HM, Obdeijn IM, Manoliu RA, Kok T, Peterse H, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Muller SH, Meijer S, Oosterwijk JC, Beex LV, Tollenaar RA, de Koning HJ, Rutgers EJ, Klijn JG; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Study Group. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 29;351(5):427-37. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282350
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Journal Watch 24(21):164, 2004 Warner E, Plewes DB, Hill KA, Causer PA, Zubovits JT, Jong RA, Cutrara MR, DeBoer G, Yaffe MJ, Messner SJ, Meschino WS, Piron CA, Narod SA. Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination. JAMA. 2004 Sep 15;292(11):1317-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15367553
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Journal Watch 25(8):67, 2005 Olsen AH, Njor SH, Vejborg I, Schwartz W, Dalgaard P, Jensen MB, Tange UB, Blichert-Toft M, Rank F, Mouridsen H, Lynge E. Breast cancer mortality in Copenhagen after introduction of mammography screening: cohort study. BMJ. 2005 Jan 29;330(7485):220. Epub 2005 Jan 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15649904
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Lurie N, Abraham L, Barbash RB, Strzelczyk J, Dignan M, Barlow WE, Beasley CM, Kerlikowske K. Does utilization of screening mammography explain racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer? Ann Intern Med. 2006 Apr 18;144(8):541-53. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Apr 18;144(8):I18. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16618951
- ↑ Saslow D American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57:75-89 http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/57/2/75
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Jorgensen KJ and Gotzsche PC Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends BMJ 2009;339:b2587 doi:10.1136/bmj.b2587 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/jul09_1/b2587
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 14, 16, 17, 18. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2006, 2012, 2015, 2018.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chiarelli AM et al The contribution of clinical breast examination to the accuracy of breast screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Sep 16; 101:1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp241) PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720967
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 2009 Nov 17; 151:716. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920272
Mandelblatt JS et al. for the Breast Cancer Working Group of the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET). Effects of mammography screening under different screening schedules: Model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern Med 2009 Nov 17; 151:738. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920274
Kerlikowske K. Evidence-based breast cancer prevention: The importance of individual risk. Ann Intern Med 2009 Nov 17; 151:750. - ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kuhl C et al Prospective multicenter cohort study to refine management recommendations for women at elevated familial risk of breast cancer: The EVA trial. J Clin Oncol 2010 Mar 20; 28:1450. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177029
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Kalager M et al. Effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality in Norway. N Engl J Med 2010 Sep 23; 363:1203. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860502
Welch HG. Screening mammography - A long run for a short slide? N Engl J Med 2010 Sep 23; 363:1276. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860510 - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Henley SJ et al Surveillance of Screening-Detected Cancers (Colon and Rectum, Breast, and Cervix) --- United States, 2004--2006 Surveillance Summaries Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) November 26, 2010 / 59(SS09);1-25 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102407 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5909a1.htm
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kirsh VA et al. Tumor characteristics associated with mammographic detection of breast cancer in the Ontario Breast Screening Program. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011 May 3;
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin No. 122: Breast Cancer Screening Ostetrics & Gynecology 2011 122:372 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775869 <Internet> http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/2011/08000/Practice_Bulletin_No__122__Breast_Cancer_Screening.40.aspx
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tabar L et al. Swedish Two-County Trial: Impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality during 3 decades. Radiology 2011 Jun 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21712474
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Suhrke P et al Effect of mammography screening on surgical treatment for breast cancer in Norway: comparative analysis of cancer registry data BMJ 2011; 343:d4692 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914765 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4692.full
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 von Euler-Chelpin M et el Risk of Breast Cancer After False-Positive Test Results in Screening Mammography <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491228 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/04/05/jnci.djs176.abstract
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kalager M et al. Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening: Results from the Norwegian screening program. Ann Intern Med 2012 Apr 3; 156:491. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473436
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bleyer A and Welch HG. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast- cancer incidence. N Engl J Med 2012 Nov 22; 367:1998 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1206809
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kalager M et al. Prognosis in women with interval breast cancer: Population based observational cohort study. BMJ 2012 Nov 16; 345:e7536. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23160783
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Braithwaite D et al Screening Outcomes in Older US Women Undergoing Multiple Mammograms in Community Practice: Does Interval, Age or Comorbidity Score Affect Tumor Characteristics or False Positive Rates? JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. Feb 5, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385442 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/02/01/jnci.djs645.abstract
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lee SJ et al. Time lag to benefit after screening for breast and colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis of survival data from the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Denmark. BMJ 2013 Jan 8; 346:e8441 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23299842 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8441
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. DRAFT. Summary of Recommendations and Evidence. available for comment from April 2 until April 29, 2013 http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/draftrec.htm
Draft Evidence Report Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/draftrep2.htm - ↑ 25.0 25.1 Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W et al American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007 Mar-Apr;57(2):75-89. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392385
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Webb ML et al A failure analysis of invasive breast cancer. Most deaths from disease occur in women not regularly screened. Cancer. September 9. 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018987 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28199/abstract
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Miller AB et al Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial. BMJ 2014;348:g366 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519768 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g366
Kalager M et al Too much mammography. BMJ 2014;348:g1403 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519765 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g1403 - ↑ Fletcher SW. Breast cancer screening: a 35-year perspective. Epidemiol Rev. 2011 Jul;33(1):165-75 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697257
- ↑ Quanstrum KH and Hayward RA Lessons from the Mammography Wars. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1076-1079 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsb1002538
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Weedon-Fekjaer H, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ Modern mammography screening and breast cancer mortality: population study. BMJ 2014;348:g3701 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24951459 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3701
Elmore JG and Harris RP The harms and benefits of modern screening mammography. BMJ 2014;348:g3824 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24938686 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3824 - ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Kuhl CK et al. Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): First postcontrast subtracted images and maximum-intensity projection - A novel approach to breast cancer screening with MRI. J Clin Oncol 2014 Aug 1; 32:2304. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958821 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/22/2304
Morris EA. Rethinking breast cancer screening: Ultra FAST breast magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 2014 Aug 1; 32:2281 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958827 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/22/2281 - ↑ 33.0 33.1 de Glas NA et al Effect of implementation of the mass breast cancer screening programme in older women in the Netherlands: population based study. BMJ 2014;349:g5410 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224469 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5410
- ↑ Walter LC, Schonberg MA. Screening mammography in older women: a review. JAMA. 2014;311:1336-1347 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691609
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Barratt A Overdiagnosis in mammography screening: a 45 year journey from shadowy idea to acknowledged reality. BMJ 2015;350:h867 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736426 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h867
- ↑ Warner E. Clinical practice. Breast-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2011 Sep 16; 365:1025 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21916640
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2014 Breast Cancer Screening Draft Recommendations http://screeningforbreastcancer.org/
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Wilt TJ, Harris RP, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Screening for Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):718-725. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984847 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2294149
Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. A Value Framework for Cancer Screening: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):712-717 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984846 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2293237 - ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Haas JS, Kaplan CP The Divide Between Breast Density Notification Laws and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening: Legislating Practice. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 06, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26147642 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2363026
Harding C, Pompei F, Burmistrov D et al Breast Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Mortality Across US Counties. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 06, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26147578 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2363025
Elmore JG, Etzioni R Effect of Screening Mammography on Cancer Incidence and Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 06, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26147329 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2363022
Sprague BL et al Benefits, Harms, and Cost-Effectiveness of Supplemental Ultrasonography Screening for Women With Dense Breasts. Ann Intern Med. Published online 9 December 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25486550 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2020458 - ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Kerlikowske K Progress Toward Consensus on Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines and Reducing Screening Harms. JAMA Intern Med. Published online October 20, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502319 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2463847
Oeffinger KC et al Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk. 2015 Guideline Update From the American Cancer Society. JAMA. 2015;314(15):1599-1614 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501536 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2463262
Keating NL, Pace LE New Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening in US Women. JAMA. 2015;314(15):1569-1571 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501532 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2463237 - ↑ 41.0 41.1 Duffy SW, Dibden A, Michalopoulos D et al Screen detection of ductal carcinoma in situ and subsequent incidence of invasive interval breast cancers: a retrospective population-based study. Lancet Oncology. Dec 4, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26655422 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900446-5.pdf
Evans A Detection of DCIS and reduced invasive interval cancers. Lancet Oncology. Dec 4, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26655426 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900481-7.pdf - ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Siu AL on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. Published online 12 January 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757170 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2480757
Siu AL, MD, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC et al Convergence and Divergence Around Breast Cancer Screening. Ann Intern Med. Published online 12 January 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26756136 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2480760
Laine C, Dickersin K, Mulrow C Time to Douse the Firestorm Around Breast Cancer Screening. Ann Intern Med. Published online 12 January 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757446 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2480759 - ↑ 43.0 43.1 Abdollah F, Sun M, Sammon JD et al Prevalence of Nonrecommended Screening for Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer in the United States. A Nationwide Survey Analysis. JAMA Oncol. Published online January 21, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26794060 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2482914
- ↑ Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Lancet. 2012 Nov 17;380(9855):1778-86 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117178
- ↑ Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A et al Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Nov 17;151(10):727-37, W237-42. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920273 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Wang AT, Vachon CM, Brandt KR, Ghosh K. Breast density and breast cancer risk: a practical review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Apr;89(4):548-57. d Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684876
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Trentham-Dietz A, Kerlikowske K, Stout NK et al Tailoring Breast Cancer Screening Intervals by Breast Density and Risk for Women Aged 50 Years or Older: Collaborative Modeling of Screening Outcomes. Ann Intern Med. Published online 23 August 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548583 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2545959
Berg CD Breast Cancer Screening Interval: Risk Level May Matter. Ann Intern Med. Published online 23 August 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548697 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2545960 - ↑ 48.0 48.1 Welch HG, Prorok PC, O'Malley AJ, Kramer BS Breast-Cancer Tumor Size, Overdiagnosis, and Mammography Screening Effectiveness. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1438-1447. October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27732805 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600249
Elmore JG Solving the Problem of Overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1483-1486. October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27732826 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1608683 - ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Jorgensen KJ, Gotzsche PC, Kalager M, Zahl PH Breast Cancer Screening in Denmark: A Cohort Study of Tumor Size and Overdiagnosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jan 10 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28114661 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2596394/breast-cancer-screening-denmark-cohort-study-tumor-size-overdiagnosis
Brawley OW Accepting the Existence of Breast Cancer Overdiagnosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jan 10 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28114628 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2597574/accepting-existence-breast-cancer-overdiagnosis - ↑ 50.0 50.1 Radhakrishnan A, Nowak SA, Parker AM et al Physician Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations Following Guideline Changes. Results of a National Survey. JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 10, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28395005 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2617276
Grady D, Redberg RF. Physician Adherence to Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations. JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 10, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28395063 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2617273 - ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Lee CS, Sengupta D, Bhargavan-Chatfield M et al Association of Patient Age With Outcomes of Current-Era, Large-Scale Screening Mammography. Analysis of Data From the National Mammography Database. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426842 JAMA Oncol. Published online April 20, 2017. http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2619710
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women Practice Bulletin Number 179, July 2017 https://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Practice-Bulletins/Committee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology/Breast-Cancer-Risk-Assessment-and-Screening-in-Average-Risk-Women
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Arleo EK, Hendrick RE, Helvie MA, Sickles EA. Comparison of recommendations for screening mammography using CISNET models. Cancer. August 21, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2883298 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30842/abstract
Brawley OW On assessing the effect of breast cancer screening schemes. Cancer. August 21, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832972 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30840/abstract - ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin No. 182 Summary: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 130(3):657-659, SEP 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832475 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00006250-201709000-00035
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Lowry F Screening Mammography Has Little Impact on Advanced Cancer Rates. Medscape. Dec 08, 2017. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/889787
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Trivedi AN et al. Elimination of cost sharing for screening mammography in Medicare Advantage plans. N Engl J Med 2018 Jan 18; 378:262. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29342379 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsa1706808
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Buist DSM, Abraham L, Lee CI et al Breast Biopsy Intensity and Findings Following Breast Cancer Screening in Women With and Without a Personal History of Breast Cancer. JAMA Intern Med. Published online Feb 12, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29435556 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2672204
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Kerlikowske K, Scott CG, Mahmoudzadeh AP. Automated and Clinical Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. Density Measures Predict Risk of Screen-Detected and Interval Cancers. Ann Intern Med. 2018. May 1. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710124 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2680054/automated-clinical-breast-imaging-reporting-data-system-density-measures-predict
Elmore JG, Wruble J. Man Versus Machine: Does Automated Computer Density Measurement Add Value? Ann Intern Med. 2018. May 1 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710227 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2680057/man-versus-machine-does-automated-computer-density-measurement-add-value - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Keating NL, Pace LE. Breast Cancer Screening in 2018. Time for Shared Decision Making. JAMA. 2018;319(17):1814-1815. May 1, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715344 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2679928
- ↑ Mulder RL, Kremer LC, Hudson MM et al for the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group. Recommendations for breast cancer surveillance for female survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer given chest radiation: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Dec;14(13):e621-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275135 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lee JM, Arao RF, Sprague BL et al Performance of Screening Ultrasonography as an Adjunct to Screening Mammography in Women Across the Spectrum of Breast Cancer Risk. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 18, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882843 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2728448
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Qaseem A, Lin JS, Mustafa RA et al. Screening for breast cancer in average-risk women: A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 9; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30959525 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2730520/screening-breast-cancer-average-risk-women-guidance-statement-from-american
Elmore JG, Lee CI. A guide to a guidance statement on screening guidelines. Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 9; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30959522 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2730522/guide-guidance-statement-screening-guidelines - ↑ 63.0 63.1 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;322(7):652-665. August 20, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429903 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515
Nelson HD, Pappas M, Cantor A et al Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer in WomenUpdated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019;322(7):666-685. Aug 20, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429902 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748514
Rajagopal PS, Nielsen S, Olopade OI USPSTF Recommendations for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Testing in the Context of a Transformative National Cancer Control Plan. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8.10):e1910142 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31434110 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2748329
Ontario Family History Assessment Tool https://www.timeofcare.com/ontario-family-history-assessment-tool/ - ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Bakker MF, de Lange SV, Pijnappel RM et al. Supplemental MRI screening for women with extremely dense breast tissue. N Engl J Med 2019 Nov 28; 381:2091 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31774954 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1903986
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Garcia-Albeniz X, Hernan MA, Logan RW et al Continuation of Annual Screening Mammography and Breast Cancer Mortality in Women Older Than 70 Years. Ann Intern Med. 2020. Feb 25 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32092767 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2761820/continuation-annual-screening-mammography-breast-cancer-mortality-women-older-than
Brawley OW On Mammography Screening for Women Older Than 70 Years Ann Intern Med. 2020. Feb 25 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32092765 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2762054/mammography-screening-women-older-than-70-years - ↑ 66.0 66.1 Niraula S, Biswanger N, Hu P et al Incidence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of Interval Breast Cancers Compared With Screening-Detected Breast Cancers. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2018179. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32975573 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770959
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Shih YT, Dong W, Xu Y, Etzioni R, Shen Y. Incorporating Baseline Breast Density When Screening Women at Average Risk for Breast Cancer. A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2021. Feb 9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33556275 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-2912
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Ryser MD, Lange J, Inoue LYT et al. Estimation of breast cancer overdiagnosis in a U.S. breast screening cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2022;Epub Mar 1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35226520
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Worcester S New NCCN Guidelines for Mammography: All Women Over 40. Medscape. July 29, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/978273
Kassem NM Breast Cancer Guidelines. American Cancer Society (ACS) U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC). Medscape. June 21, 2022 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2247407-overview - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Lang K et al Artificial intelligence-supported screen reading versus standard double reading in the Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence trial (MASAI): a clinical safety analysis of a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority, single-blinded, screening accuracy study. Lancet Oncology. 2023. 24(8):P936-944. August PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37541274 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(23)00298-X/fulltext
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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