hyperpigmentation

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^[1]^[2]^[3]

Etiology

primary cutaneous disorders
- epidermal alteration
- proliferation of melanocytes
- reactive hypermelanosis of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
- increased systemic disorders
  - ephelides (freckles)
  - cafe au lait spots
systemic disorders
- localized
  - epidermal alteration
    - seborrheic keratosis (sign of Leser-Trelat)
    - acanthosis nigricans
      - endocrine disorders
      - paraneoplastic disorders
  - proliferation of melanocytes
    - lentigines
    - nevi (Carney complex)
      - LAMB syndrome
      - NAME syndrome
  - increased pigment production
    - cafe au lait spots
      - neurofibromatosis
      - Albright's syndrome
    - urticaria pigmentosa
  - dermal pigmentation
    - incontinentia pigmenti
    - dyskeratosis congenita
  - melasma (mask of pregnancy)
- diffuse
  - endocrinopathies
  - metabolic disorders
  - melanosis secondary to metastatic melanoma
  - autoimmune disorders
  - pharmacologic agents^[1]
    - bleomycin
    - busulfan
    - chloroquine & other antimalarials
    - corticotropin (ACTH)
    - cyclophosphamide
    - gold salts
    - hypervitaminosis A
    - oral contraceptives
    - phenothiazines

More general terms

sign/symptom

More specific terms

Additional terms

hypopigmentation

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Companion Handbook, Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1995, pg 829-39
↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 318
↑ Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015

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