COVID-19 patient information

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Introduction

select reference

Epidemiology

  • coronavirus may contaminate environment 8]
    • coronavirus survival on surfaces[8]
      • metal: stainless steel 2-3 days, copper 4 hours, aluminum 2-8 hours
      • other metals (door knobs, silverware, jewelry): 5 days
      • glass: up to 5 days, ceramics: 5 days, paper: up to 5 days, wood: 4 days
      • plastic: 2-3 days. cardboard: 1 day
      • does not seem to be transmitted through food or water[8]
  • risk of COVID-19 acquired during air travel is lower than from an office building, classroom, supermarket, or commuter train[12]

Laboratory

  • FDA approves first at-home COVID-19 diagnostic test (Lucira) available by prescription, results in 30 minutes or less[13]
  • CDC calls for fully vaccinated individuals to be tested for COVID-19 following exposure even if asymptomatic[21]
  • The federal government will distribute free at-home COVID-19 tests again starting in mid-September 2024[22]

Management

Prevention:

  • hand washing
  • social distancing: maintain distance of 6 feet*
    • avoid large social gatherings
  • CDC recommends all persons should wear face masks in public[7]
  • CDC issued a public health order requiring masks to "be worn at train and subway stations, bus terminals, and airports nationwide, as well as on planes, trains, and other types of public transportation" in the U.S.[17]
  • The order requires people to wear masks "while boarding, disembarking, and traveling on any conveyance into or within the United States," as well as "at any transportation hub that provides transportation" within the U.S.[17]
  • The order includes exceptions "for people with disabilities who cannot wear a mask and other cases, and said masks can be removed briefly while eating, drinking, taking medication, going through security screenings, and other circumstances."[17]
  • The order makes refusing "to wear a mask a violation of federal law, enforced by the Transportation Security Administration and other federal, state, and local authorities."[17]
  • masks for teachers, staff & students & improved ventilation reduces Covid-19 cases[20]
  • Los Angeles reinstates recommendation for public indoor masks for all persons including fully vaccinated persons June 28, 2021 due to spread of delta variant[19]
  • machine washing clothing would seem to disinfect COVID-19[8]
  • to guide reopening, Chilean officials are training police dogs to sniff out human cases of COVID-19[10]
  • oleandrin, a toxic cardiac glycoside found in the poisonous oleander plant, is not a treatment for COVID-19[11]; DO NOT USE!
  • breast-feeding appears to be safe for new moms with COVID-19[14]

* distance droplets from cough or sneeze can travel in the air

Notes

  • all travelers boarding international flights to the U.S. must now have evidence of a negative COVID-19 test within 3 days before their flight or have documentation of recovery from COVID-19 [15]
  • U.S. extends its "Do Not Travel" guidance to ~80% of countries worldwide[18]

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html
  2. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus
    Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Coronavirus Disease 2019 Information for Travel https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/index.html
  4. ↑ Harvard Health: Coronavirus Resource Center https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus-resource-center
  5. ↑ Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
  6. ↑ Statement from the American Heart Association, the Heart Failure Society of America and the American College of Cardiology. Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician. News Release. March 17, 2020 https://newsroom.heart.org/news/patients-taking-ace-i-and-arbs-who-contract-covid-19-should-continue-treatment-unless-otherwise-advised-by-their-physician
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kincaid E COVID-19 Daily: Universal Mask Usage, Death Projection. Medscape - Apr 01, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927974
    Firth S It's Official: CDC Recommends Public Wear Face Masks - Stresses use of cloth coverings, not medical grade, for ordinary people. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/85800
    Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html
    Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Gillespie C How Long Does the Coronavirus Live on Clothes-and Will Laundry Detergent Kill the Virus? Health. March 24, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/how-long-does-the-coronavirus-live-on-clothes%e2%80%94and-will-laundry-detergent-kill-the-virus/ar-BB11ELZl
    Koenig D Coronavirus on Fabric: What You Should Know. Medscape - Apr 02, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927973
  9. ↑ Wiersinga WJ, Prescott HC What Is COVID-19? JAMA Patient Page JAMA. Published online July 10, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32648917 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768390
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Arias T, Ulloa C Chile wants Covid-19 sniffer dogs to help reopen public spaces. CNN Health July 22, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/22/health/dogs-coronavirus-sniff-public-spaces-intl/index.html
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Remaly J COVID-19 Update: Oleander Extract, Younger Adults Medscape - Aug 19, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/936002
    Fiore K Dangerous Oleander Extract Not a COVID-19 Cure - "That would definitely end up killing people" MedPage Today August 18, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/publichealth/88126
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pombal R, Hosegood I, Powell D. Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel JAMA Patient Page Oct 1, 2020 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771435
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Walker M FDA OKs First Totally At-Home COVID-19 Diagnostic Test - Available by prescription, with results in 30 minutes or less, the agency says. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89759
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ronchi A, Pietrasanta C, Zavattoni M et al Evaluation of Rooming-in Practice for Neonates Born to Mothers With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Italy. JAMA Pediatr. Published online December 7, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284345 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5086
    Kaufman DA, Puopolo KM. Infants Born to Mothers With COVID-19 - Making Room for Rooming-in. JAMA Pediatr. Published online December 7, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284347 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5100
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) CDC Expands Negative COVID-19 Test Requirement to All Air Passengers Entering the United States. Media Relations Release. Jan 12, 2021 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s0112-negative-covid-19-air-passengers.html
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rader B, White LF, Burns MR et al Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Digital Health. 2021. Jam 19 Not yet indexed in PubMe https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(20)30293-4/fulltext
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 AMA Morning News. Feb 1, 2021 American Medical Association
    Laris M CDC issues sweeping mask mandate for planes, public transportation in U.S. Washington Post. Jan 29, 2021 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/cdc-issues-sweeping-mask-mandate-for-planes-public-transportation-in-us/2021/01/30/db31f364-6197-11eb-9061-07abcc1f9229_story.html
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Shepardson D US Will Boost 'Do Not Travel' Advisories to 80% of World. Reuters Health Information via Medscape. April 20, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/949560
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Money L Indoor Masks Urged as Delta Spreads. Los Angeles Times. June 29, 2021
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kuehn BM News From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fewer COVID-19 Cases in Schools With Masks and Improved Ventilation. JAMA. 2021;326(2):125. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34255000 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2781847
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning Rounds. July 29, 2021 MorningRounds@ama.bulletinhealthcare.com
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Feller S US to offer free COVID-19 tests again beginning in September. Healio. Infectious Disease News. Aug 23, 2024 https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20240823/us-to-offer-free-covid19-tests-again-beginning-in-september
  23. ↑ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) COVID-19, MERS & SARS https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/covid-19
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