anemia of chronic renal failure

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Introduction

Anemia almost always accompanies uremia, with the degree of anemia roughly paralleling the degree of azotemia.

A diagnosis of exclusion[2]

Pathology

Clinical manifestations

  • patients tend to tolerate marked anemia fairly well

Laboratory

* ref[8] does not specify stage 3a vs 3b

Management

More general terms

References

  1. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1733-34
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022.
    Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
  3. Singh AK et al, Correction of anemia with epoeitin alpha in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006, 355:2085 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108343
    Drueke TB et al, Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia N Engl J Med. 2006, 355:2071 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108342
    Drueke TB Anemia treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 24;368(4):387-9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23343068
    Remuzzi G and Ingelfinger JR Correction of anemia - Payoffs and problems N Engl J Med. 2006, 355:2144 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108347
  4. Fishbane S, Nissenson AR. Anemia management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2010 Aug;(117):S3-9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671741
  5. Kliger AS, Foley RN, Goldfarb DS et al KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 Nov;62(5):849-59. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891356
  6. 6.0 6.1 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
  7. 7.0 7.1 Ribeiro S, Belo L, Reis F, Santos-Silva A. Iron therapy in chronic kidney disease: Recent changes, benefits and risks. Blood Rev. 2016 Jan;30(1):65-72. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26342303
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 NEJM Knowledge+ Hematology
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Nephrology/Urology
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron Balance and the Role of Hepcidin in Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016 Mar;36(2):87-93. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236128 Free PMC article. Review.

Patient information

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