endogenous retrovirus
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Introduction
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that make DNA copies of themselves & integrate into the DNA of hosts they infect.
Etiology
- endogenous retroviruses are relics of ancient infections that affected the primate germ line in the last 100 million years[3]
Epidemiology
- about 8% of the human genome is composed of these ancient retroviral genes
- apparently they cannot reform the retroviruses from which they came
Function
- it had been generally assumed they are simply evolutionary detritus without role in physiology or pathogenesis of disease
- endogenous retroviruses may play a role in the innate immune response[3]
Structure
where:
- LTR is long-terminal repeat (5')
- MA is gag matrix
- NC is nucleocapsid
- PR is pro-pol protease
- RT is reverse transcriptase
- IN is integrase
- SU is env surface
- TM is transmembrane
- LTR is long-terminal repeat (3')
Pathology
- activation or unsilencing of certain retroviral genes in B lymphocytes may play a role in
- CSF1R transcription in transformed B cells activates aberrant expression of retroviral long-terminal repeat (LTR) THE1B
- LTR-THE1B expression occurs with loss of expression of corepressor CBFA2T3[2]
- primate-specific endogenous retroviruses are a source of enhancers with cancer-specific activity[4]
- in epithelial tumors including colorectal cancer, oncogenic MAPK/AP1 signaling drives activation of enhancers derived from the primate-specific endogenous retrovirus family LTR10[4]
- in vitro, LTR10 elements of colorectal cancer cells regulate tumor-specific expression of genes associated with tumorigenesis, including ATG12 & XRCC4[4]
- in vivo, LTR10 elements exhibit germline & somatic structural variation resulting from a highly mutable internal tandem repeat region affecting AP1 binding[4]
Comparative biology
- in the mouse, endogenous provirus DNA comprises up to 0.4% of the genome
More general terms
More specific terms
References
- ↑ Mendelian Inheritance in Man 1990 MIM#131170
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lamprecht B et al Derepression of an endogenous long terminal repeat activates the CSF1R proto-oncogene in human lymphoma. Nat Med 2010 May; 16:571. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436485
Engel ME and Hiebert SW. The enemy within: Dormant retroviruses awaken. Nat Med 2010 May; 16:517. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448571 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Grandi N, Tramontano E. Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Ancient Acquired Elements Still Shaping Innate Immune Responses. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018. Sept 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30250470 PMCID: PMC6139349 Free PMC article
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Santora T Ancient Viruses in Our DNA Hold Clues to Cancer Treatment. Medscape. July 29, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/ancient-viruses-our-dna-hold-clues-cancer-treatment-2024a1000dtv
Ivancevic A, Simpson DM, Joyner OM et al Endogenous retroviruses mediate transcriptional rewiring in response to oncogenic signaling in colorectal cancer. Sci Adv. 2024 Jul 19;10(29):eado1218. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39018396 PMCID: PMC466953 Free PMC article. - ↑ Blomberg J, Ushameckis D, Jern P Evolutionary Aspects of Human Endogenous Retroviral Sequences (HERVs) and Disease Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. NCBI Bookshelf. NBK6235 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6235/
- ↑ Jakobsson J, Vincendeau M. SnapShot: Human endogenous retroviruses. Cell. 2022 Jan 20;185(2):400-400.e1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063077 Free article. https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2821%2901491-4
- ↑ Song Y, Li X, Wei X, Cui J. Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Biomedicine Markers. Virol Sin. 2021 Oct;36(5):852-858. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33905075 PMCID: PMC8558139 Free PMC article. Review.
- ↑ Kitsou K, Lagiou P, Magiorkinis G. Human endogenous retroviruses in cancer: Oncogenesis mechanisms and clinical implications. J Med Virol. 2023 Jan;95(1):e28350. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36428242 PMCID: PMC10108094 Free PMC article. Review.