cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

From Aaushi
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Introduction

An emergency measure to maintain a person's breathing & heartbeat when they have stopped as a result of myocardial infarction, trauma, or other disorder. Ventricular arrhythmias are responsible for the majority of cardiopulmonary arrests in adults.

Epidemiology

Clinical manifestations

Diagnostic procedures

Complications

Management

* pneumomic ABC for Airway, Breathing, Circulation seems no longer recommended[22]

* the same logic would seem to apply to rescue breathing as applies to blind finger sweep; both would seem to risk pushing a foreign object further into the airway, whereas compression- only CPR would not (ref[22] does not seem to consider this)

Prognosis:

Notes

In 1998, paramedics implemented a new guideline that allows emergency personnel to withhold resuscitation if a patient has a terminal condition & the patient, a family member, or a caregiver has indicated (verbally or in writing) that the patient did not want resuscitation.[3][4]

Dispatcher assistance increases use of bystander CPR in children & improves neurologic outcomes[18]

bystander CPR before arrival of emergency medical services arrival more than doubles 30-day survival[24]

automated external defibrillators in public places improves outcomes[25]

fully autonomous drones equipped with a global positioning system & autopilot software could be used to speed delivery of automated external defibrillators to bystanders during an episode of sudden cardiac arrest[35]

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th ed, Ewald & McKenzie (eds), Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995, pg 170
  2. 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 25(4):33, 2005 Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Sorebo H, Svensson L, Fellows B, Steen PA. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of- hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):299-304. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657322
    Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P, Alvarado JP, O'Hearn N, Wigder HN, Hoffman P, Tynus K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005 Feb 1;111(4):428-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687130
  3. 3.0 3.1 Feder S, Matheny RL, Loveless RS Jr, Rea TD. Withholding resuscitation: a new approach to prehospital end-of-life decisions. Ann Intern Med. 2006 May 2;144(9):634-40. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670132
    Kellermann A, Lynn J. Withholding resuscitation in prehospital care. Ann Intern Med. 2006 May 2;144(9):692-3. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670140
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Iwami T et al, Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007, 116:2900 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071072
    Blohm K et al, Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2007, 116:2908 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071077
    Ewy GA Continuous-chest-compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007, 116:2894 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086938
  5. 5.0 5.1 Sayre MR et al. Impact of the 2005 American Heart Association cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care guidelines on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009 Oct-Dec; 13:469. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731159
  6. 6.0 6.1 Lopez-Herce J and Alvarez AC. Bystander CPR for paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 2010 Mar 3; [e-pub ahead of print] <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202678 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60316-9
  7. 7.0 7.1 Rea TD et al CPR with Chest Compression Alone or with Rescue Breathing N Engl J Med 2010; 363:423-433July 29, 2010 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818863 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908993
    Svensson L et al Compression-Only CPR or Standard CPR in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest N Engl J Med 2010; 363:434-442July 29, 2010 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818864 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0908991
    Weisfeldt ML In CPR, Less May Be Better N Engl J Med 2010; 363:481-483July 29, 2010 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818869 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1006306
  8. 8.0 8.1 Hupfl M et al Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 15 October 2010 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951422 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61454-7/fulltext
  9. 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Oct. 18, 2010 Comparison Chart of Key Changes http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@ecc/documents/downloadable/ucm_317267.pdf
  10. Bobrow BJ et al. Chest compression-only CPR by lay rescuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2010 Oct 6; 304:1447. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20924010
  11. 11.0 11.1 Hupfl M et al. Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2010 Nov 6; 376:1552 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951422
    Nolan JP and Soar J. Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR: A KISS for a kiss. Lancet 2010 Nov 6; 376:1522. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951423
  12. 12.0 12.1 Aufderheide TP et al Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus active compression- decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with augmentation of negative intrathoracic pressure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised trial The Lancet, Volume 377, Issue 9762, Pages 301 - 311, 22 January 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21251705 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2962103-4/fulltext
  13. 13.0 13.1 Ogawa T et al. Outcomes of chest compression only CPR versus conventional CPR conducted by lay people in patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest witnessed by bystanders: Nationwide population based observational study. BMJ 2011 Jan 27; 342:c7106. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273279 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7106
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Stiell IG et al. Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of- hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2011 Sep 1; 365:787. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21879896
  15. 15.0 15.1 Stiell IG et al. What is the role of chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation? Crit Care Med 2012 Jan 5 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202708
  16. 2005 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science with Treatment Recommendations (American Heart Association) http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3022512
  17. 17.0 17.1 Jabre P et al Family Presence during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1008-1018March 14, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23484827 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203366
    Kramer DB and Mitchell SL Weighing the Benefits and Burdens of Witnessed Resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1058-1059March 14, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23484835 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1300397
  18. 18.0 18.1 Goto Y et al Impact of Dispatcher-Assisted Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcomes in Children With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: A Prospective, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014. 3:e000499 April 30, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24785780 <Internet> http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/3/e000499.full
  19. 19.0 19.1 Parnia S et al. AWARE - AWAreness during REsuscitation - a prospective study. Resuscitation 2014 Oct 6; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301715 <Internet> http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572%2814%2900739-4/abstract
  20. 20.0 20.1 Perkins GD et al Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 16 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467566 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961886-9/fulltext
    Ong ME, Anantharaman V Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: manual or mechanical CPR? The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 16 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467566 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961941-3/fulltext
  21. 21.0 21.1 FDA News Release. March 9, 2015. FDA approves CPR devices that may increase chance of surviving cardiac arrest. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm437247.htm
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Knowledge+ http://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week
    Link MS et al. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010 Oct 22; 122:S706.
    American Red Cross. Step Three: Be Informed. Cardiac Arrest/AED Steps. 2007. https://www.redcross.org/flash/brr/English-html/AED.asp
  23. 23.0 23.1 The NNT: Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neuroprotection Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) http://www.thennt.com/nnt/hypothermia-for-neuroprotection-after-cardiac-arrest/
    Arrich J, Holzer M, Herkner H, Mullner M. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD004128 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821320
  24. 24.0 24.1 Hasselqvist-Ax I et al. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2015 Jun 11; 372:2307 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061835
    Sasson C and Magid DJ. Bystander-administered CPR by design, not by chance. N Engl J Med 2015 Jun 11; 372:2349. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061840
  25. 25.0 25.1 Nakahara S, Tomio J, Ichikawa M et al Association of Bystander Interventions With Neurologically Intact Survival Among Patients With Bystander-Witnessed Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Japan. JAMA. 2015;314(3):247-254 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197185 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2397835
    Malta Hansen C, Kragholm K, Pearson DA et al Association of Bystander and First-Responder Intervention With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in North Carolina, 2010-2013 JAMA. 2015;314(3):255-264 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197186 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2397833
    Nichol G, Kim F. Bystander Interventions Can Improve Outcomes From Out-of- Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA. 2015 Jul 21;314(3):231-232 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197181 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2397815
  26. 26.0 26.1 Nichol G, Leroux B, Wang H et al Trial of Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions during CPR. N Engl J Med. Nov 9, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550795 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1509139
    Koster RW Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions for Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. Nov 9, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26552007 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1513415
  27. 27.0 27.1 Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA, Navarese EP et al. Manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus CPR including a mechanical chest compression device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A comprehensive meta-analysis from randomized and observational studies. Ann Emerg Med 2015 Nov 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607332
  28. 28.0 28.1 Ebell MH, Jang W, Shen Y, Geocadin RG; Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators. Development and Validation of the Good Outcome Following Attempted Resuscitation (GO-FAR) Score to Predict Neurologically Intact Survival After In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(20):1872-1878 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018585 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1735894
  29. 29.0 29.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, 18 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015, 2018.
  30. 30.0 30.1 Bobrow BJ et al. Implementation of a regional telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation program and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA Cardiol 2016 Jun 1;1(3):294-302, Published Online May 4; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27438108 <Internet> http://cardiology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2518761
  31. 31.0 31.1 Jabre P, Bougouin W, Dumas F et al Early Identification of Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest With No Chance of Survival and Consideration for Organ Donation. Ann Intern Med. Published online 13 September 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27618681 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2552075
  32. 32.0 32.1 Andersen LW et al. Association between tracheal intubation during adult in-hospital cardiac arrest and survival. JAMA 2017 Feb 7; 317:494. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28118660
    Angus DC. Whether to intubate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Conventional wisdom vs big data. JAMA 2017 Feb 7; 317:477 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28118658
  33. 33.0 33.1 Kragholm K, Wissenberg M, Mortensen RN et al Bystander Efforts and 1-Year Outcomes in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1737-1747. May 4, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467879 www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1601891
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Geocadin RG, Wijdicks E, Armstrong MJ et al Practice guideline summary: Reducing brain injury following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neurology. May 10, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490655 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/05/10/WNL.0000000000003966
  35. 35.0 35.1 Claesson A, Backman A, Ring M et al Time to Delivery of an Automated External Defibrillator Using a Drone for Simulated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests vs Emergency Medical Services. JAMA. 2017;317(22):2332-2334 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28609525 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2631520
  36. 36.0 36.1 Debaty G, Labarere J, Frascone RJ et al. Long-term prognostic value of gasping during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 Sep 19; 70:1467. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28911510
  37. 37.0 37.1 37.2 Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME et al. 2017 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 2017 Nov 8; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29128145 <Internet> http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(17)30675-5/fulltext
  38. 38.0 38.1 Jabre P, Penaloza A, Pinero D et al Effect of Bag-Mask Ventilation vs Endotracheal Intubation During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiorespiratory Arrest. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(8):779-787. February 27, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486039 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673550
    Lewis RJ, Gausche-Hill M. Airway management during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 2018 Feb 27; 319:771 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486014
  39. 39.0 39.1 Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD et al A Randomized Trial of Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Eng J Med. July 18, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021076 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1806842
    Callaway CW, Donnino MW. Testing Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Eng J Med. July 18, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021078 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1808255
  40. Callaway CW, Donnino MW, Fink EL et al Part 8: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 Suppl 2):S465-82. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472996 Free PMC Article
  41. 41.0 41.1 Rothaus C Aspiration Pneumonia NEJM Resident 360, Feb 13, 2019 https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/aspiration-pneumonia
  42. 42.0 42.1 42.2 Riva G, Ringh M, Jonsson M et al. Survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation or chest compressions only before arrival of emergency medical services: Nationwide study during three guideline periods. Circulation 2019 Apr 1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30929457
  43. Rothaus C Lay Responder Care in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. NEJM Resident 360. Dec 4, 2019 https://resident360.nejm.org/clinical-pearls/lay-responder-care-in-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest
    Brady WJ, Mattu A, Slovis CM. Lay Responder Care for an Adult with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2242-2251. Dec 5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31800989 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1802529
  44. 44.0 44.1 44.2 Nakashima T, Noguchi T, Tahara Y et al. Public-access defibrillation and neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: A population-based cohort study. Lancet 2019 Dec 17; 394:2255. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31862250
  45. 45.0 45.1 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
  46. 46.0 46.1 46.2 Ibitoye SE, Rawlinson S, Cavanagh A et al Frailty status predicts futility of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in older adults. Age and Ageing. June 5, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32500916 https://academic.oup.com/ageing/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ageing/afaa104/5851510?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  47. 47.0 47.1 Grunau B, Kime N, Leroux B et al Association of Intra-arrest Transport vs Continued On-Scene Resuscitation With Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1058-1067. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930759 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770622
    Lo AX Challenging the Scoop and Run" Model for Management of Out-of- Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1043-1044 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930742 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770601
  48. 48.0 48.1 Chan PS, Girotra S, Tang Y et al Outcomes for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Cardiol. Published online November 14, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33188678 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.6210
  49. 49.0 49.1 Okubo M, Komukai S, Callaway CW et al Association of Timing of Epinephrine Administration With Outcomes in Adults With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(8):e2120176. August 10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34374770 Free article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2782843
  50. 50.0 50.1 Le May M, Osborne C, Russo J et al Effect of Moderate vs Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia on Mortality and Neurologic Outcomes in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. The CAPITAL CHILL Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;326(15):1494-1503 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34665203 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2785263
  51. 51.0 51.1 Evans E, Swanson MB, Mohr N et al. Epinephrine before defibrillation in patients with shockable in-hospital cardiac arrest: Propensity matched analysis. BMJ 2021 Nov 10; 375:e066534. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34759038 PMCID: PMC8579224 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-066534
  52. 52.0 52.1 Splete H Novel Head-Up CPR Position Raises Odds of Survival of Out-Of-Hospital Heart Attacks. Medscape. Oct 23m 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/982409
    Pepe P, Moore J, Bachista K et al 3 Clinical Confirmation of Improved Likelihood of Survival Associated With the Use of the Head-Up CPR Bundle for Non-Shockable Cardiac Arrest Presentations. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 80(4):S2. Oct 1, 2022 https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(22)00609-6/fulltext
  53. 53.0 53.1 Hassager C et al. Duration of device-based fever prevention after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2022 Nov 6; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36342119 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2212528
  54. 54.0 54.1 Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2004 Feb 18;291(7):870-9. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14970067
  55. 55.0 55.1 Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006 Jul 25;67(2):203-10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16864809 Review.
  56. 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.8 Perman SM et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on adult advanced cardiovascular life support: An update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2024 Jan 30; 149:e254. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38108133 Free article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001194