gremlin-1 (cysteine knot superfamily 1 BMP antagonist 1, increased in high glucose protein 2, IHG-2, down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein, proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein, GREM1, CKTSF1B1, DAND2, DRM, PIG2)

Function

• cytokine
• role during carcinogenesis
• role in metanephric kidney organogenesis
• BMP antagonist
  • down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner
• early limb outgrowth & patterning in maintaining FGF4-SHH feedback loop
• inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis
• interacts with SLIT1 & SLIT2 in a glycosylation-dependent manner
• induced by high glucose through TGF-beta 1-mediated pathways in mesangial cell
• down-regulated in tumor cell lines

Compartment

secreted

Alternative splicing

named isoforms=2

Expression

• expressed in small intestine, fetal brain, colon > brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas & skeletal muscle
• in brain found in the region localized around internal capsule, large subcortical nuclei, including caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus, subthalamus
• expressed in normal cells including neurons, astrocytes, fibroblasts

More general terms

• cytokine

Additional terms

• gremlin-2 (cysteine knot superfamily 1 BMP antagonist 2, protein related to DAN & cerberus, GREM2, CKTSF1B2, DAND3, PRDC)

Database

• OMIM: https://mirror.omim.org/entry/603054
• UniProt: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O60565.html