third heart sound (S3), S3 gallop

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Etiology

* S3 gallop best heard at the left sternal border with the patient supine

* right-sided gallops best heard with the patient supine

* left-sided gallops best heard with patient in left lateral decubitus position

Pathology

Clinical manifestations

Management

References

  1. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Companion Handbook, Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1995, pg 327
  2. Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 38
  3. 3.0 3.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012