television
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Adverse effects
- increased television viewing 1-3 hours/day vs < 1 hr/day increased likelihood of aggressive & violent behavior in adolescents by 50%.[1]
- may increase risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)[2]
- three studies conclude that television has adverse effects on children's academic performance
- recreational television viewing time, is associated with increased mortality & increased cardiovascular risk regardless of other physical activity[4]
- increased risk of obesity[6]
- young adults who are sedentary & watch a lot of television have worse cognition in midlife[7]
- adults > 50 who watch > 3.5 hours of television daily may be at increased risk for cognitive decline[9]
- watching television for several hours a day is associated with poor health outcomes in black adults[10]
Management
- children < 18 months of age: no television[7]
- 18-24 months: high-quality content & apps only (PBS Kids)
- watch with children[7]
- children under age 2 years should be discouraged from having any screen time
- 2-5 years: limit high-quality screen time to < 1 hour/day[7]
- parents limit children's screen time to <= 2 hours a day
- children under age 2 years should be discouraged from having any screen time
- children should not have TVs or internet-connected devices in their bedrooms or in the kitchen[5][6]
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Journal Watch 22(9):72, 2002 Johnson JG et al Science 295:2468, 2002 Anderson CA & Bushman BJ, Science 295:2377, 2002
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 24(10):83, 2004 Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, DiGiuseppe DL, McCarty CA. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4):708-13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060216
- ↑ Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. The remote, the mouse, and the no. 2 pencil: the household media environment and academic achievement among third grade students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):607-13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15996991
Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):614-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15996992
Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children's television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of national data. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):619-25.
PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15996993
Chernin AR, Linebarger DL. The relationship between children's television viewing and academic performance. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):687-9. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15997006 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stamatakis E et al. Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events: Population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Jan 18; 57:292. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21232666
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 American Academy of Pediatrics.Policy Statement. Oct 2013. Children, Adolescents and the Media. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.2013-2656.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Daniels SR, Hassink SG The Role of the Pediatrician in Primary Prevention of Obesity. Prediatrics. June 29, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122812 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/06/23/peds.2015-1558
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Hoang TD, Reis J, Zhu N et al Effect of Early Adult Patterns of Physical Activity and Television Viewing on Midlife Cognitive Function. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online December 02, 2015 http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2471270
- ↑ Young K, Sofair A, Chavey WE Pediatrics Group Offers New Media Use Guidance for Kids. Physician's First Watch, Oct 21, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents Pediatrics Oct 2016, e20162592; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940794
Chassiakos Y, Radesky J, Christakis D et al, COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA Children and Adolescents and Digital Media Pediatrics Oct 2016, e20162593 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940795 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fancourt D, Steptoe A Television viewing and cognitive decline in older age: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Scientific Reportsvolume 9, Article number: 2851 (2019) PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30820029 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39354-4
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Garcia JM et al Types of Sedentary Behavior and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study. J Am Hear Assoc 2019 8(13): July 2, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.118.010406