HPV-16/18 vaccine (Gardasil, Cervarix)
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Introduction
Tradename: Gardasil, Cervarix[13]
Epidemiology
- 57% of girls & 35% of boys have received at least 1 dose of HPV vaccine[40]
- incidence of HPV declined by more than 1/2 in girls after introduction of HPV vaccine[26]
- reduced incidence of cervical dypsplasia in girls age 14-17 years (NNT = 175)[39]*
- prevalence of HPV types (6, 11, 16, & 18) has dropped 64% in girls 14-19 years since thex HPV vaccine was introduced[43]
* why were Pap smears done on girls of this age?
Indications
- Gardasil 9[34] approved for prevention of cervical cancer caused by HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 & 58, & for prevention of genital warts caused by HPV types 6 or 11
- routine administration to all females 9-26 years of age*
- start age 11 or 12[17]
- final dose can be completed after 26 years of age if vaccinated late
- efficacious in women 24-years of age
- may not be cost-effective in women > 30 years of age[11]
- FDA approved for use in males (Gardasil)[12]
- can prevent anal intraepithelial neoplasia in men who have sex with men[20]
- recommended for boys age 11 & 12 years[21][22][23]
- recommended for males age 13-21 years (13-26 years)[64] who have not yet been immunized or have not finished the 3-dose series[17][22][23]
- failure of herd immunity from vaccination of girls to better protect men is due to lack of protection for men who have sex with men[40]
- FDA-approved for use in adults up to 45 years of age[57]
- prevents some if not most cases of cervical cancer
- 3 full doses reduces risk of high-grade cervical lesions by 46%; number needed to treat = 125[30]
- reduces burden of genital warts (Gardasil) in men & women[14][18]
- may help treat oral warts (case report)[42]
- HIV1 infection (CD4 count > 200/uL)
- vaccine programs also advantageous for unvaccinated people through herd immunity[59]
* in Scotland, efforts to vaccinate 12 & 13 year old girls has resulted in a 90% reduction in the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasa grade 3 or worse findings on cervical smears at age 20; prevalence was 0.59% among unvaccinated versus 0.06% in vaccinated 20 year old women[58]
Contraindications
- does NOT eliminate need for Pap Smears
- current recommendations for 9 valent vaccine require only HPV DNA testing (see screening for cervical cancer)
- not cost-effective after age 30
- safe during pregnancy[53]
- no increase in risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, major birth defect, low birth weight, or preterm birth[53]
Benefit/risk
- risk for cervical cancer reduced by 88% among women who were immunized before age 17[63]
- risk of progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lowest in girls vaccinated prior to age 15 years[66]
- number needed to treat (NNT)
- 800 boys age 12 would need to be vaccinated to prevent 1 cancer (at a 60% coverage rate for girls)[40]
- HPV vaccine with both direct efficancy & herd immunity after 15 years[65]
Dosage
- 2 IM injections separated by 6-12 months for children who start HPV vaccination between ages 9 & 14[48][50][52]
- 2 doses as good & more cost-effective than 3[19][25][29][35][48][54]
- women < 26 years & men 21 years who began HPV vaccination before age 15 & received 2 doses at least 5 months apart do not need another dose[51]
- 3 IM injections for females 15-26 & for males 15-21 years of age & for immunocompromised patients
- 2nd dose 1-2 months after 1st dose & the 3rd dose 6 months after 1st dose[50]
- 1 or 2 doses may be as effective as 3 doses preventing cervical HPV type 16/18 infections[41]
- a single dose may be effective[62]
- 9-valent vaccine available
Shelf life of 3 years (refrigerated)
Adverse effects
- no serious adverse effects reported by manufacturer
- about as safe as any other vaccine[10]
- no serious adverse effects[27]
- incidence of adverse effects: 0.054%[10]
- pain
- known as the most painful childhood vaccination
- inability to drive with or sleep on the affected arm for up to a day[8]
- pain may be diminished if administered prior to other vaccines administered the same visit[33]
- fainting, syncope (0.008%)
- vomiting, dehydration
- venous thromboembolism (0.002%)[10]
- no increased risk for venous thromboembolism[31]
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- no increased risk of miscarriage after HPV vaccine[16]
- does not increase sexual activity in teenage girls[24]
- does not increase sexually-transmitted disease in teenage girls[36]
Mechanism of action
- the investigational vaccines contained human papilloma virus type 16-like particles[1] or type 16 & type 18 virus particles[2]
- it is NOT a live virus vaccine
- Cervarix uses a different adjuvant than Gardasil which might give longer immunity; it also seems to offer more cross-protection against some HPV types that are not included in the vaccine
- Gardasil provides protection against HPV 6 & 11, causative agents of genital warts in men & women
Notes
- cost $120/dose ($360 for series)
- brief messaging to parents may promote HPV vaccination[46]
- announcing that adolescents are due for HPV vaccination may be more effective than a conversation with families in promoting HPV vaccination[49]
- screening cervical cancer may be less frequent for women who have completed HPV vaccination (see screening for cervical cancer)[47]
- legislation to increase HPV vaccination does not seem to affect adolescent sexual behavior[56]
More general terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Barr E, Alvarez FB, Chiacchierini LM, Jansen KU; Proof of Principle Study Investigators. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 21;347(21):1645-51. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444178
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, Zahaf T, Innis B, Naud P, De Carvalho NS, Roteli- Martins CM, Teixeira J, Blatter MM, Korn AP, Quint W, Dubin G; GlaxoSmithKline HPV Vaccine Study Group. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13;364(9447):1757-65. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541448
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 13(5): 2006 Gardasil (Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus [types 1,11,16,18] Recombinant Vaccine Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=220703&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ CDC Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(2): 2007 Adult and Pediatric Immunization Update - 2007 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230209&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Markowitz LE et al, Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR Early Release, March 12, 2007, 56:1-24 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr56e312a1.htm Corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2012
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(5): 2007 Safety of Gardasil (Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230509&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Associated Press, Jan 4, 2008
- ↑ Munoz N et al, Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24-45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 2 June 2009 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19493565 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60691-7
Harper DM. Preliminary HPV vaccine results for women older than 25 years. Lancet 2009 Jun 6; 373:1921 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501728 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Slade BA et al, Postlicensure Safety Surveillance for Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine JAMA. 2009;302(7):750-757. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690307 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/302/7/750
Haug C The Risks and Benefits of HPV Vaccination JAMA. 2009;302(7):795-796. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690315 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/7/795 - ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kim JJ et al Cost-Effectiveness of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Older Than 30 Years in the United States Annals of Internal Medicine 2009, 151:538-545 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841455 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/151/8/538
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 FDA NEWS RELEASE, Oct. 16, 2009 FDA Approves New Indication for Gardasil to Prevent Genital Warts in Men and Boys http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm187003.htm
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 FDA approves Cervarix, GlaxoSmithKline's cervical cancer vaccine, 16 October 2009 http://www.gsk.com/media/pressreleases/2009/2009_pressrelease_10112.htm
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fairley CK et al Rapid decline in presentations of genital warts after the implementation of a national quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination programme for young women. Sex Transm Infect 2009 Oct 16 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837728 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.037788
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 16(12): 2009 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine - Cervarix and Gardasil Update Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=251204&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wacholder S et al. Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: Pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2010 Mar 2; 340:c712 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197322 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c712
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) FDA Licensure of Bivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for Use in Females and Updated HPV Vaccination Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR); May 28, 2010 / 59(20);626-629 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508593 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5920a4.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) FDA Licensure of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV4, Gardasil) for Use in Males and Guidance from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR); May 28, 2010 / 559(20);630-632 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508594 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5920a5.htm - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Giuliano AR et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med 2011 Feb 3; 364:401. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288094
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kreimer AR et al Proof-of-Principle Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fewer Than Three Doses of a Bivalent HPV16/18 Vaccine JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst, September 9, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21908768 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/08/jnci.djr319.abstract
Wheeler CM Less Is More: A Step in the Right Direction for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Implementation JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst, September 9, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21908769 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/08/jnci.djr354.full.pdf+html - ↑ 20.0 20.1 Palefsky JM et al HPV Vaccine against Anal HPV Infection and Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1576-1585October 27, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029979 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010971
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 The Wahington Post Panel recommends that 11- and 12-year-old boys get the HPV vaccine; now given to girls Associated Press, Published: October 25, 2011 http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/panel-recommends-that-11--and-12-year-old-boys-get-the-hpv-vaccine-now-given-to-girls/2011/10/25/gIQA3Ga4FM_story.html
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations on the Use of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Males - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011 MMWR December 23, 2011 / 60(50);1705-1708 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6050a3.htm
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 HPV Vaccine Recommendations COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pediatrics; published online February 27, 2012 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2012/02/22/peds.2011-3865.full.pdf
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bednarczyk RA et al Sexual Activity-Related Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination of 11- to 12-year-olds Pediatrics, Oct 15, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071201 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2012/10/10/peds.2012-1516.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Dobson SM et al Immunogenicity of 2 Doses of HPV Vaccine in Younger Adolescents vs 3 Doses in Young Women. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2013;309(17):1793-1802. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23632723 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1682939
Kahn JA and Bernstein I HPV Vaccination. Too Soon for 2 Doses? JAMA. 2013;309(17):1832-1834 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23632729 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1682919 - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Markowitz LE et al Reduction in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence Among Young Women Following HPV Vaccine Introduction in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003-2010. J Infect Dis. June 19, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785124 <Internet> http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/06/18/infdis.jit192.abstract
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Arnheim-Dahlstrom L et al. Autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events after immunisation of adolescent girls with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Denmark and Sweden: Cohort study. BMJ 2013 Oct 9; 347:f5906 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108159 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5906
- ↑ Kahn JA. HPV vaccination for the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16;361(3):271-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19605832
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Herweijer E et al Association of Varying Number of Doses of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine With Incidence of Condyloma. JAMA. 2014;311(6):597-603. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519299 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1829685
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Crowe E et al Effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical abnormalities: case-control study nested within a population based screening programme in Australia. BMJ 2014;348:g1458 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594809 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g1458
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Scheller NM et al Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism. JAMA. 2014;312(2):187-188. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25005658 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1886177
- ↑ Stokley S et al Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents, 2007-2013, and Postlicensure Vaccine Safety Monitoring, 2006- 2014 - United States MMWR. July 25, 2014 / 63(29);620-4 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6329a3.htm
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Walter EB et al. Pain in adolescent girls receiving HPV vaccine with concomitantly administered vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014 Aug 28; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170553 <Internet> http://journals.lww.com/pidj/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=97896&type=abstract
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 FDA News Release. December 10, 2014 FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm426485.htm
Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE et al A 9-Valent HPV Vaccine against Infection and Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Women. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):711-723. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693011
Schuchat A HPV "Coverage" N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):775-776. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693018 - ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jit M et al Comparison of two dose and three dose human papillomavirus vaccine schedules: cost effectiveness analysis based on transmission model. BMJ 2015;350:g7584 http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.g7584
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Jena AB et al Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Adolescent Females. JAMA Intern Med. Published online February 09, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25664968 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2109856
Bednarczyk RA Human Papillomavirus Vaccine and Sexual ActivityHow Do We Best Address Parent and Physician Concerns? JAMA Intern Med. Published online February 09, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25664447 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2109851 - ↑ Mercks 9-Valent HPV Vaccine, GARDASIL*9, Recommended by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Females Aged 9-26 and Males Aged 9-21. http://www.mercknewsroom.com/news-release/vaccine-news/mercks-9-valent-hpv-vaccine-gardasil9-recommended-cdcs-advisory-committee-
- ↑ Petrosky E et al Use of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Updated HPV Vaccination Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices MMWR. Weekly. March 27, 2015 / 64(11);300-304 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6411a3.htm
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Smith LM, Strumpf EC, Kaufman JS et al The Early Benefits of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Cervical Dysplasia and Anogenital Warts. Pediatrics. April 27, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25917991 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/21/peds.2014-2961
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Bogaards JA et al. Direct benefit of vaccinating boys along with girls against oncogenic human papillomavirus: Bayesian evidence synthesis. BMJ 2015 May 12; 350:h2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985328 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h2016
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sadlowski C, Fairchild DG Could Single Doses Be the Future of HPV Vaccination? Physician's First Watch, June 10, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Herrero R et al Present status of human papillomavirus vaccine development and implementation. Lancet Oncology. May 2015, 16(5):e206 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943065
Schiller JT, Muller M Next generation prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. Lancet Oncology. May 2015, 16(5):e217 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943066
Lowy DR et al Primary endpoints for future prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine trials: towards infection and immunobridging. Lancet Oncology. May 2015, 16(5):e226 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943067 - ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Cyrus N et al Effect of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Oral Squamous Cell Papillomas. JAMA Dermatol. Published online September 02, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332141 <Internet> http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2431077
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Adler C, Sofair A Vaccination Has Led to Marked Decline in HPV Prevalence in Young Women. Physician's First Watch, Feb 22, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Markowitz LE, Liu G, Hariri S et al Prevalence of HPV After Introduction of the Vaccination Program in the United States. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb 22. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908697 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/19/peds.2015-1968 - ↑ Niccolai LM, Petttigrew MM. The role of cognitive bias in suboptimal HPV vaccine uptake. Pediatrics 2016 Oct; 138:e20161537 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/09/07/peds.2016-1537
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Supplemental information and guidance for vaccination providers regarding use of 9-valent HPV vaccine. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/who/teens/downloads/9vHPV-guidance.pdf
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Joffe A Brief HPV Vaccination Messages Persuasive to Parents. Physician's First Watch, Sept 30, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Kim JJ, Burger EA, Sy S, Campos NG Optimal Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Vaccinated Against Human Papillomavirus. J Natl Cancer Inst (JNCI). 2017 Feb;109(2). Online Oct 17, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27754955 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/10/17/jnci.djw216.abstract
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 NEJM JWatch editors CDC Advisory Committee Recommends 2 HPV Vaccine Doses Instead of 3. Physician's First Watch, Oct 20, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention )CDC) CDC recommends only two HPV shots for younger adolescents. Press Release. October 19, 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1020-hpv-shots.html
Iversen OE, Miranda MJ, Ulied A et al. Immunogenicity of the 9-valent HPV vaccine using 2-dose regimens in girls and boys vs a 3-dose regimen in women. JAMA 2016 Nov 21 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27893068 - ↑ 49.0 49.1 Brewer NT, Hall ME, Malo TL et al Announcements Versus Conversations to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage: A Randomized Trial Pediatrics Dec 2016, e20161764 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940512
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Meites E, Kempe A, Markowitz LE. Use of a 2-Dose Schedule for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1405-1408 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6549a5.htm
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Kim DK, Riley LE, Harrima KH et al Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(3):209-219 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166560 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2601209/recommended-immunization-schedule-adults-aged-19-years-older-united-states
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Arrossi S, Temin S, Garland S et al Primary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Resource-Stratified Guideline. Journal of Global Oncology. March 17, 2017 Not indexed in PubMed http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JGO.2016.008151
de Sanjose S, Temin S, Garland S, Eckert LO, Arrossi S. Primary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Resource-Stratified Guideline Summary. J Oncol Pract. 2017 May 25:JOP2017021949. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541789 - ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Scheller NM, Pasternak B, Molgaard-Nielsen D et al Quadrivalent HPV Vaccination and the Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1223-1233. March 30, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28355499 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1612296
Edwards KM Ensuring Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Women N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1280-1282. March 30, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28355513 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1701337 - ↑ 54.0 54.1 Ogilvie G, Sauvageau C, Dionne M et al. Immunogenicity of 2 vs 3 doses of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in girls aged 9 to 13 years after 60 months. JAMA 2017 Apr 25; 317:1687 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444267 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2620075
- ↑ Shay LA, Baldwin AS, Betts AC et al. Parent-provider communication of HPV vaccine hesitancy. Pediatrics 2018 May 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29765009 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/05/11/peds.2017-2312
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Cook EE, Venkataramani AS, Kim JJ et al Legislation to Increase Uptake of HPV Vaccination and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors. Pediatrics. August 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104422 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/08/09/peds.2018-0458
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Brooks M FDA Expands Gardasil to Include Adults Up to Age 45 Medscape - Oct 05, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903073
FDA News Release. Oct 5, 2018 FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm622715.htm - ↑ 58.0 58.1 Palmer T, Wallace L, Pollock KG et al Prevalence of cervical disease at age 20 after immunisation with bivalent HPV vaccine at age 12-13 in Scotland: retrospective population study. BMJ 2019;365:l1161 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30944092 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1161
Brotherton JML The remarkable impact of bivalent HPV vaccine in Scotland. BMJ 2019;365:l1375 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30944088 https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1375 - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Drolet M, Benard E, Perez N et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2019 Jun 26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255301 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30298-3/fulltext
- ↑ Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: Updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019 Aug 16; 68:698-702 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6832a3.htm
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Laprise JF, Chesson HW, Markowitz LE et al Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Through Age 45 Years in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2019. Dec 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31816629 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2757403/effectiveness-cost-effectiveness-human-papillomavirus-vaccination-through-age-45-years
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Rodriguez AM, Zeybek B, Vaughn M et al Comparison of the long-term impact and clinical outcomes of fewer doses and standard doses of human papillomavirus vaccine in the United States: A database study. Cancer. Feb 10 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32037524 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.32700
Brotherton JML, Sundstrom K More evidence suggesting that 1-dose human papillomavirus vaccination may be effective. Cancer. Feb 10 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32037508 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.32696 - ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lei J, Ploner A, Elfstrom M et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2020 Oct 1; 383:1340 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32997908 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1917338
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Rosenblum HG et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine impact and effectiveness through 12 years after vaccine introduction in the United States, 2003 to 2018. Ann Intern Med 2022 May 17; [e-pub]. ( https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-3798
Perkins RB et al. Long-term effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination: Implications for future reduction in cancer. Ann Intern Med 2022 May 17; [e-pub] https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-3798 - ↑ 66.0 66.1 Krog L et al. Risk of progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 in human papillomavirus-vaccinated and unvaccinated women: A population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024 Apr;230(4):430.e1-430.e11. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38569830 https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(23)02035-5/fulltext