corporal punishment; spanking

^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Introduction

physical punishment including deliberate infliction of pain as disciplinary action for unacceptable behavior

increased risk of adult mental problems
- mood disorders
- anxiety disorders
- alcohol or drug abuse or dependence
- personality disorders^[2]
corporal physical punishment in childhood is associated with increased risk of arthritis (RR = 1.25) & obesity (RR = 1.2) in adulthood^[3]

↑ Wikipedia: Corporal punishment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment
↑ ^{Jump up to: 2.0} ^2.1 Afifi TO et al. Physical punishment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative US sample. Pediatrics 2012 Aug; 130:184. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22753561
↑ ^{Jump up to: 3.0} ^3.1 Afifi TO et al Harsh Physical Punishment in Childhood and Adult Physical Health. Pediatrics. July 15, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23858428 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/07/10/peds.2012-4021.abstract
↑ ^{Jump up to: 4.0} ^4.1 Sege RD, Siegel BS. COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH. Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children. Pediatrics. November 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30397164 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/11/01/peds.2018-3112