peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE)

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[1][2][3]

Introduction

Unlike steroid hormones, the natural response elements for retinoic acid, thyroid hormones, vitamin D3, & peroxisome proliferators consist of a direct repeat of a binding site (related to hexamer AGGTCA) rather than a palindrome. The vitamin D3 (D3R), retinoic acid (RAR), thyroid hormone (T3R), & peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR) receptors bind to their response elements as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), with the spacing of the direct repeats determining the binding preference: 1 bp spacing for PPAR:RXR & RXR homodimers 2 bp spacing for D3R:RXR 3 bp spacing for T3R:RXR 4 bp spacing for D3R:RXR 5 bp spacing for RAR:RXR The consensus sequence for PPRE is: 5' TGACCT T TGACCT AGTT 3' or variant (excluding direct repeat) ------ ------ PPAR occupies the 3'position of the direct repeat, with binding of PPAR extending to the additional 3' consensus sequence AGTT.

More general terms

References

  1. ↑ Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Interactions of retinoids and transforming growth factor-beta in regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation. Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Jan;5(1):3-7. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017191
  2. ↑ Green Nature 361:590 1992
  3. ↑ Corton et al, Ann Rev. Phamacol Toxicol 40:491, 2000
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