halitosis (bad breath, fetor oris, ozostomia)

Etiology

• respiratory tract infection
  • bronchiectasis
  • lung abscess
• oral infection
  • acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
  • acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
  • periodontal disease
  • dental caries
• smoking
• hepatic failure (fishy odor)
• azotemia (ammoniacal or urinary odor)
• diabetic ketoacidosis (sweet, fruity odor)
• Zenker's diverticulum

Clinical manifestations

• dysphagia for liquids & solids suggests Zenker's diverticulum

Diagnostic procedures

• barium esophagraphy for Zenker's diverticulum
  • follow with upper GI endoscopy

Management

oral hygiene

• mouth wash
• dental floss
• toothpaste/brushing
• hard candy & other items that stimulate salivation help to diminish breath odor
• professional cleaning
• removal of tongue plaque

More general terms

• sign/symptom