screening for prostate cancer
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Introduction
indications:
- USPSTF advises discussions of potential benefits & harms with middle-aged men who are interested in screening[45]
- screening is associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment[10]
- for elderly men who need to be convinced to discontinue screening, use "your other medical issues should take priority"[51]
- 1st-line serum PSA with 2nd-line multiparametric MRI is cost-effective[55]
- MyProstateScore 2.0 (mpsa) stratifies risk for prostate cancer
- small if any reduction in mortality[8]
- number needed to screen to prevent 1 death:
- relative risk of death within 13 years is 0.79 for men screened with serum PSA[31]
- editorialist notes: overdiagnosis is common (40% of positive PSA screens) & that these results should not alter recommendations of USPSTF[31]
- no reduction in mortality[2][3][4][12][14]
- screening of men 55-69 years every 4 years might be cost-effective if low-risk cancer on biopsy is managed by active surveillance[42]
- offering screening with serum PSA does not reduce mortality[44]
- American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends discussion of screening with patient if expected survival > 10 years, including harms of screening[20]
- American College of Physicians recommendations[23][33]
- inform men between ages 50-69 about limited potential benefits & substantial harms of prostate screening
- do not test men who do not express a clear preference for screening
- do not screen average-risk men under age 50
- do not screen men > 69 years of age, or those with a life expectancy of < than 10-15 years
- evidence is mixed on whether digital rectal exam is beneficial alone or in combination with serum psa
- American Urologic Association
- screen only in men age 50-69 based on shared decision- making & the patient's preferences (average risk)[26][54]
- earier screening for high-risk patients
- serum PSA every 2-4 years for those who elect for screening[54]
- stop screening at age 60 years if serum PSA < 1 ug/l[39]
- always repeat an elevated serum PSA prior to further investigation[54]
- screen only in men age 50-69 based on shared decision- making & the patient's preferences (average risk)[26][54]
- American Cancer Society (2010)[30]
- Canadian Task Force recommends not screening men with serum PSA[32]
- former recommendations
- no consensus, proceed with screening after discussion of benefits vs risks[1]
- American Cancer Society (acs) & american urologic association (aua)
- all men over 50, high-risk men over 40
- annual digital rectal exam (DRE)
- annual prostate-specific antigen (PSA)*
- National Cancer Institute (nci) & American College of Physicians:
- insufficient evidence to justify routine screening
- US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)
- insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening with psa or digital rectal exam
- Kaiser Permanente
- annual serum PSA* after age 50 (age 40 if African-American or family history of prostate cancer)
- 4 year interval for screening may be acceptable
- if seum PSA is > 4 ug/l (> 6 ug/l if > 65 years of age), order free PSA
- if %free psa is < 25%, then refer patient to urology for prostate biopsy
- if patient is > 75 years, free PSA is not necessary
- if patient is > 75 years & serum PSA is > 20 ug/l, refer to urology for hormone therapy
- annual serum PSA* after age 50 (age 40 if African-American or family history of prostate cancer)
- Prostate, Lung, Colorectal & Ovarian (PLCO) screening trial ongoing
- lower rate of prostate cancer mortality in usa compared with uk (1975-2003) coincides with much higher rate of PSA screening in usa[6]
- no change in overall mortality with screening[17]
- after massaging data from both uk & u.s, 25-30% reduction in prostate cancer mortality over 11 years[41]
- number needed to screen to prevent one death from prostate cancer = 1055[17]
- absence of PSA screening for prostate cancer as recommended by USPSTF may triple risk for presentation with metastatic prostate cancer[21]
- drop in PSA screening associated with increase in cases presenting with metastatic prostate cancer[47]
Laboratory
- prostate-specific antigen in serum (serum PSA)
- low serum PSA (< 1.0 ng/mL) at age 60 confers low probability of metastatic disease by age 85[11]
- another study offers different thresholds for different ages & makes screening recommendations based upon low normal serum PSA levels[24]
- study suggests if serum PSA < 2 ug/L at age 60 years, no need for further screening[29]
- continuing to screen men > 60 years of age with serum PSA > 2 ug/L may prevent prostate cancer-related death: number needed to screen = 23 to prevent 1 death
- neither digital rectal examination or serum PSA < 4 ug/L rules out prostate cancer
- repeat serum PSA prior to prostate biopsy[35]
- urine 18-gene prostate cancer test may reduce need for MRI &/or biopsy maintaining high-sensitivity for high-grade prostate cancers[56]
Radiology
- MRI-guided screening with biopsy only when MRI suggestive of prostate cancer[48][53]
- serum PSA 3-10 ng/mL
- strategy confers several advantages:
- substantially lowers number of prostate biopies without signifcant compromise in detection of clinically significant prostate cancer[57]
- intermediate risk prostate cancers missed by this approach can be detected by active surveillance[53]
- reduces number of men who receive a diagnoses of clinically insignificant prostate cancer[48][57]
Notes
- screening continues unabated in elderly men despite USPSTF 2008 recommendation against screening[18][28][36]
- for elderly men who need to be convinced to discontinue screening, use "your other medical issues should take priority"[51]
- incidence of prostate cancer has declined along with rate of prostate cancer screening[34] since USPSTF recommendations of 2012[19]
- prostate cancer screening with serum PSA has declined in primary care offices, since USPSTF recommendations of 2012, but not in urology offices[37]
- 79% of <A13982>prostate cancers</A13982> are detected by screening despite USPSTF recommenedation[52]
- PSA testing has increased the number of men diagnosed with & treated for prostate cancer, but many of these men would never have experienced any symptoms from prostate cancer[46]
- men who place more value on avoiding complications from prostate biopsy & prostate cancer treatment are likely to decline screening[46]
More general terms
Additional terms
- digital rectal examination (DRE)
- prostate
- prostate biopsy
- prostate cancer
- prostate specific antigen (PSA) in serum
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 19 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2022
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 22(23):177, 2002 Lu-Yao G et al Natural experiment examining impact of aggressive screening and treatment on prostate cancer mortality in two fixed cohorts from Seattle area and Connecticut. BMJ 325:740, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364300
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Journal Watch 22(23):174, 2002 Varambally S et al The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 419:624, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374981
Zetter BR & Banyard J Cancer. The silence of the genes. Nature 419:572, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12374961 - ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Cancato J et al, The effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer: a nested cas-control study. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:38 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401804
- ↑ Roobol MJ et al, Interval cancers in prostate cancer screening: Comparing 2- and 4-year screening intervals in the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Gothenburg and Rotterdam J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:1296 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728218
Crawford ED Is a screening interval of every 4 years for prostate cancer acceptable? J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:1279 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728212 - ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Collin SM et al, Prostate-cancer mortality in the USA and UK in 1975-2004: an ecologicl study. Lancet Oncol 2008, April 16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424233
- ↑ Lin K et al. Benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer: An evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008 Aug 5; 149:192 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678846 <Internet> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat3.chapter.53626
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008 Aug 5; 149:185 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678845 <Internet> http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf08/prostate/prostaters.htm - ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Andriole GL et al Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar 26; 360:1310 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810696
Schroder FH et al Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar 26; 360:1320 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810084
Barry MJ. Screening for prostate cancer - The controversy that refuses to die. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar 26; 360:1351 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe0901166 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 16(7): 2009 COMMENTARY: Controversies in Prostate Cancer: Role of PSA Testing and 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors GUIDELINES: American College of Preventative Medicine. Prostate cancer screening. GUIDELINES: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Prostate cancer screening. GUIDELINES: Use of 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors to Prevent Prostate Cancer Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250709&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 Welch HG and Albertsen PC. Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening: 1986-2005. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Aug 31 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720969 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp278
Brawley OW. Prostate cancer screening: Is this a teachable moment? J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Aug 31 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720970 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp310 - ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 11.2 Hugosson J et al Mortality results from the Goteborg randomised population- based prostate-cancer screening trial. The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 1 July 2010 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598634 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70146-7 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2810%2970146-7/abstract
- ↑ Jump up to: 12.0 12.1 The NNT: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test to Screen for Prostate Cancer. http://www.thennt.com/nnt/psa-test-to-screen-for-prostate-cancer/
Djulbegovic M et al, Screening for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials BMJ 2010; 341:c4543 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843937 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4543.full
Vickers AJ et al Prostate specific antigen concentration at age 60 and death or metastasis from prostate cancer: case-control study BMJ 2010; 341:c4521 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843935 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4521.full
Andriole GL Screening for prostate cancer BMJ 2010; 341:c4538 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843936 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4538.full - ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 Crawford ED et al. Comorbidity and mortality results from a randomized prostate cancer screening trial. J Clin Oncol 2011 Feb 1; 29:355 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041707
Shteynshlyuger A and Andriole GL. Cost-effectiveness of prostate specific antigen screening in the United States: Extrapolating from the European Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2011 Mar; 185:828. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239021
Loeb S et al. What is the true number needed to screen and treat to save a life with prostate-specific antigen testing? J Clin Oncol 2011 Feb 1; 29:464. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21189374 - ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 Sandblom G et al Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up BMJ 2011; 342:d1539 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454449 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1539.full
- ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 U.S. Panel Says No to Prostate Screening for Healthy Men http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/health/07prostate.html?_r=1
Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T et al Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Dec 6;155(11):762-71. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21984740 - ↑ Jump up to: 16.0 16.1 Andriole GL et al Prostate Cancer Screening in the Randomized Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial: Mortality Results after 13 Years of Follow-up J Natl Cancer Inst (2012) published online: January 6, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228146 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/06/jnci.djr500.abstract
- ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 17.2 Schroder FH et al Prostate-Cancer Mortality at 11 Years of Follow-up N Engl J Med 2012; 366:981-990 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417251 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1113135
Miller AB New Data on Prostate-Cancer Mortality after PSA Screening N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1047-1048 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417259 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1200185 - ↑ Jump up to: 18.0 18.1 Prasad SM et al 2008 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations and Prostate Cancer Screening Rates JAMA April 25, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535850 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/16/1692.2.extract
- ↑ Jump up to: 19.0 19.1 19.2 Moyer VA et al Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Annals of Internal Medicine, May 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615453 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459.full (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018)
Brawley OW Prostate Cancer Screening: What We Know, Don't Know, and Believe Annals of Internal Medicine, May 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615454 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00460.full
Catalona WJ et al What the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Missed in Its Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendation Annals of Internal Medicine, May 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22615455 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2012/05/21/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00463.full - ↑ Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 Basch E et al Screening for Prostate Cancer With Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22802323
- ↑ Jump up to: 21.0 21.1 Scosyrev E et al Prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer and the risk of overt metastatic disease at presentation. Analysis of trends over time. Cancer July 30, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847578 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.27503/abstract
- ↑ Heijnsdijk EAM et al Quality-of-life effects of prostate-specific antigen screening. N Engl J Med 2012 Aug 16; 367:595 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894572
Sox HC. Quality of life and guidelines for PSA screening. N Engl J Med 2012 Aug 16; 367:669. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894580 - ↑ Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 Qaseem A et al Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Guidance Statement From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 9 April 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23567761 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1676183
- ↑ Jump up to: 24.0 24.1 Vickers AJ et al. Strategy for detection of prostate cancer based on relation between prostate specific antigen at age 40-55 and long term risk of metastasis: Case-control study. BMJ 2013 Apr 15; 346:f2023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596126
- ↑ Walter LC et al. Five-year downstream outcomes following prostate-specific antigen screening in older men. JAMA Intern Med 2013 Apr 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588999 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1678809
Katz MH. Can we stop ordering prostate-specific antigen screening tests? JAMA Intern Med 2013 Apr 15; http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1678805 - ↑ Jump up to: 26.0 26.1 American Urological Association. Annual Meeting 2013 EARLY DETECTION OF PROSTATE CANCER: AUA GUIDELINE http://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/prostate-cancer-detection.cfm
Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA guideline. J Urol 2013 May 7 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23659877 <Internet> http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(13)04308-5/abstract - ↑ Kilpelainen TP et al. Prostate cancer mortality in the Finnish randomized screening trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013 May 15; 105:719 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479454
Goodwin JS et al. Prostate-specific antigen testing in men aged 40-64 years: Impact of publication of clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013 May 15; 105:743. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23459245 - ↑ Jump up to: 28.0 28.1 Jaramillo E et al. Variation among primary care physicians in prostate-specific antigen screening of older men. JAMA 2013 Oct 16; 310:1622 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129467 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1752741
- ↑ Jump up to: 29.0 29.1 Carlsson S et al Influence of blood prostate specific antigen levels at age 60 on benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening: population based cohort study. BMJ 2014;348:g2296 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682399 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2296
Wilt TJ and Dahm P. PSA screening for prostate cancer: Achieve more for patients and payers by doing less. BMJ 2014 Apr 15; 348:g2559. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736396 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2559 - ↑ Jump up to: 30.0 30.1 Quiz: Do You Know the Current Guidelines for the Screening and Treatment of Prostate Cancer? Medscape. Jul 24, 2014
- ↑ Jump up to: 31.0 31.1 31.2 Soloway B New Follow-Up Data from the European PSA Screening Study. NEJM Journal Watch. Aug 19, 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
Schroder FH et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: Results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet 2014 Aug 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108889
Thompson IM and Tangen CM. Prostate cancer screening comes of age. Lancet 2014 Aug 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108887 - ↑ Jump up to: 32.0 32.1 Bell N et al for the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Recommendations on screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen test. CMAJ. 2014 Nov 4;186(16):1225-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349003
- ↑ Jump up to: 33.0 33.1 Wilt TJ, Harris RP, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Screening for Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):718-725. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2598484 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2294149
Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. A Value Framework for Cancer Screening: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):712-717 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984846 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2293237 - ↑ Jump up to: 34.0 34.1 Jemal A et al Prostate Cancer Incidence and PSA Testing Patterns in Relation to USPSTF Screening Recommendations. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2054-2061 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575061 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2470446
Sammon JD et al Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening After 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2077-2079 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575066 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2470435
Penson DF The Pendulum of Prostate Cancer Screening. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2031-2033 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575059 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2470425
Barry MJ and Nelson JB. Patients present with more advanced prostate cancer since the USPSTF screening recommendations. J Urol 2015 Dec; 194:1534 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384450 <Internet> http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347%2815%2904766-7/abstract - ↑ Jump up to: 35.0 35.1 Lavallee LT, Binette A, Witiuk K et al Reducing the Harm of Prostate Cancer Screening: Repeated Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing Mayo Clinic Proceedings. December 10, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688045 <Internet> http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2815%2900683-7/fulltext
- ↑ Jump up to: 36.0 36.1 Abdollah F, Sun M, Sammon JD et al Prevalence of Nonrecommended Screening for Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer in the United States. A Nationwide Survey Analysis. JAMA Oncol. Published online January 21, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26794060 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2482914
- ↑ Jump up to: 37.0 37.1 Zavaski ME et al. Differences in prostate-specific antigen testing among urologists and primary care physicians following the 2012 USPSTF recommendations. JAMA Intern Med 2016 Feb 8 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857148
- ↑ Hayes JH, Barry MJ. Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen test: a review of current evidence. JAMA. 2014 Mar 19;311(11):1143-9. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24643604
- ↑ Jump up to: 39.0 39.1 39.2 Brett AS Baseline PSA Level Predicts Subsequent Risk for Lethal Prostate Cancer. NEJM Journal Watch. Sept 1, 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
Preston MA, Batista JL, Wilson KM et al. Baseline prostate-specific antigen levels in midlife predict lethal prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016 Aug 10; 34:2705 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27298404 - ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 40.2 Young K, Fairchild DG, Hefner JE USPSTF Draft Recommendation Allows for Individualized Prostate Cancer Screening. Physician's First Watch, April 11, 2017 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ Jump up to: 41.0 41.1 Orciari Herman A, Fairchild DG with comment from Brett AS More Support for Prostate Cancer Screening? Physician's First Watch, Sept 5,2017 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Tsodikov A, Gulati R, Heijnsdijk EAM et al Reconciling the Effects of Screening on Prostate Cancer Mortality in the ERSPC and PLCO Trials. Ann Intern Med. Sept 5, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869989 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2652567/reconciling-effects-screening-prostate-cancer-mortality-erspc-plco-trials
Vickers AJ Prostate Cancer Screening: Time to Question How to Optimize the Ratio of Benefits and Harms. Ann Intern Med. Sept 5, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869975 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2652568/prostate-cancer-screening-time-question-how-optimize-ratio-benefits-harms - ↑ Jump up to: 42.0 42.1 de Carvalho TM, Heijnsdijk EAM, de Koning HJ. Comparative effectiveness of prostate cancer screening between the ages of 55 and 69 years followed by active surveillance. Cancer 2018 Feb 1; 124:507. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29231973
Albertsen PC. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen: Where are we going? Cancer 2018 Feb 1; 124:453 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29231972 - ↑ Jump up to: 43.0 43.1 Naji L, Randhawa H, Sohani Z, et al Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med March/April 2018 vol. 16 no. 2 149-154 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29531107 Free full text <Internet> http://www.annfammed.org/content/16/2/149
- ↑ Jump up to: 44.0 44.1 Martin RM, Donovan JL, Turner EL et al. Effect of a low-intensity PSA-based screening intervention on prostate cancer mortality: The CAP randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018 Mar 6; 319:883-895. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29509864 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673968
Barry MJ. Screening for prostate cancer: Is the third trial the charm? JAMA 2018 Mar 6; 319:868. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29509848 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673950 - ↑ Jump up to: 45.0 45.1 US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2018 May 8; 319:1901-1913 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801017 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2680553
Fenton JJ et al. Prostate-specific antigen-based screening for prostate cancer: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018 May 8; 319:1914-1931. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801018 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2680554
Carter HB. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer: Revisiting the evidence. JAMA 2018 May 8; 319:1866-1868 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800999 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2680534
Hoffman RM. Implications of the new USPSTF prostate cancer screening recommendation - Attaining equipoise. JAMA Intern Med 2018 May 8; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801041 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2680722 - ↑ Jump up to: 46.0 46.1 46.2 Tikkinen KAO, Dahm P, Lytvyn L et al Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ 2018;362:k3581 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30185545 https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3581
- ↑ Jump up to: 47.0 47.1 Worcester S Drop in PSA Screening, Increase in Metastatic Prostate Cancers. Medscape - Feb 12, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/945759
- ↑ Jump up to: 48.0 48.1 48.2 Eklund M, Jaderling F, Discacciati A et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy in prostate cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2021 Jul 9; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34237810 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2100852
- ↑ Rhudd A, McDonald J, Emberton M et al. The role of the multiparametric MRI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in biopsy-naive men. Curr Opin Urol. 2017;27(5):488-494 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28562371 https://journals.lww.com/co-urology/Abstract/2017/09000/The_role_of_the_multiparametric_MRI_in_the.15.aspx
- ↑ Jump up to: 50.0 50.1 Koh ES et al. Comparison of US cancer center recommendations for prostate cancer screening with evidence-based guidelines. JAMA Intern Med 2022 Mar 7; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35254384 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2789641
- ↑ Jump up to: 51.0 51.1 51.2 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
- ↑ Jump up to: 52.0 52.1 NORC. University of Chicago Only 14% of Cancers Are Detected Through a Preventive Screening Test. https://www.norc.org/PDFs/GRAIL/State-Specific%20PCDSs%20chart%201213.pdf
- ↑ Jump up to: 53.0 53.1 53.2 Hugosson J et al. Prostate cancer screening with PSA and MRI followed by targeted biopsy only. N Engl J Med 2022 Dec 8; 387:2126. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36477032 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2209454
- ↑ Jump up to: 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Wei JT et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline part I: Prostate cancer screening. J Urol 2023 Jul; 210:46. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37096582 https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/JU.0000000000003491
- ↑ Jump up to: 55.0 55.1 Gulati R, Jiao B, Al-Faouri R et al Lifetime Health and Economic Outcomes of Biparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging as First-Line Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Decision Model Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2023 June 4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38830219 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-1504
- ↑ Jump up to: 56.0 56.1 Tosoian JJ et al Development and Validation of an 18-Gene Urine Test for High-Grade Prostate Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10(6):726-736 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38635241 PMCID: PMC11190811 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2817657
- ↑ Jump up to: 57.0 57.1 57.2 Hugosson J, Godtman RA, Wallstrom J et al Results after Four Years of Screening for Prostate Cancer with PSA and MRI. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 26;391(12):1083-1095. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMoa2406050. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39321360 Clinical Trial. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2406050