dietary potassium; dietary K+
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Dosage
- adults:
* certainly renal failure is an exception
Laboratory
- 24 hour urine potassium[4]
- mean 24 hour urine potassium in US adults is 2155 mg/day
Notes
- high dietary potassium is associated with lower blood pressure & a reduced risk of stroke in hypertensive patients[2]
- low potassium intake is associated with excess risk of all-cause mortality & cardiovascular mortality[3]
- moderate sodium (3-5 g/day) & high potassium intake (> 2.1 g/day) associated with lowest cardiovascular mortality[5]
- salt substitute (70% sodium chloride, 30% potassium chloride) to replace regular salt lowers systolic blood pressure 3.3 mm Hg assessed at year 5[6]
- salt substitute significantly lowers risk of stroke & all-cause mortality
- lower urine sodium & higher urine potassium associated with fewer adverse cardiovascular events[7]
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Health Organization Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children. 2012 http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/potassium_intake_printversion.pdf
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Aburto NJ et al. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: Systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013 Apr 4; 346:f1378. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558164
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mozaffarian D et al Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:624-634. August 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119608 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1304127
Mente A et al Association of Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion with Blood Pressure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:601-611. August 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119606 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311989
O'Donnell M et al Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:612-623. August 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119607 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889
Oparil S Low Sodium Intake - Cardiovascular Health Benefit or Risk? N Engl J Med 2014; 371:677-679. August 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119614 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1407695 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cogswell ME, Loria CM, Terry AL et al Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in US Adults. JAMA. Published online March 7, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29516104 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2674711
Ix JH, Anderson CAM Measurements of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion. Importance and Implications. JAMA. Published online March 7, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29516102 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2674710 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 O'Donnell M et al. Joint association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with cardiovascular events and mortality: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2019 Mar 13; 364:l772 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30867146 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l772
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Neal B, Wu Y, Feng X et al. Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2021 Aug 29; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34459569 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675
Ingelfinger JR. Can salt substitution save at-risk persons from stroke? N Engl J Med 2021 Aug 29; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34459568 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2112857 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q et al. 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2021 Nov 13; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34767706 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2109794