epispadias

Etiology

• bladder exstrophy & other urologic birth defects

Epidemiology

• rare
  • 1 in 117,000 newborn boys
  • 1 in 484,000 newborn girls

Pathology

• urethra does not develop into a full tube
• urine exits the body from the wrong place

Radiology

• ultrasound
• MRI
• intravenous pyelogram

Complications

• reflux nephropathy

Management

• surgery

More general terms

• congenital anomaly (birth defect)
• urogenital disease