adenylate cyclase type 10 (testicular soluble adenylyl cyclase, germ cell soluble adenylyl cyclase, sAC, hsAC, adenylate cyclase homolog, AH-related protein, ADCY10, SAC)
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Function
- soluble adenylyl cyclase
- role in mammalian spermatogenesis
- produces cAMP which mediates in part cAMP-responsive nuclear factors indispensable for maturation of sperm in the epididymis
- induces capacitation, the maturational process that sperm undergo prior to fertilization
- may be the bicarbonate sensor
- involved in ciliary beat regulation activated by Mn+2 or Mg+2
- in the presence of Mg+2, ADCY10 is activated by HCO3- in the presence of Mn+2, ADCY10 is inhibited by HCO3-
- in the absence of Mg+2 & bicarbonate, the enzyme is weakly activated by Ca+2
- cleavage may occur to generate active 48 kD form
ATP <--> 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate
Cofactor: binds 2 Mg+2 per subunit (putative)
Structure
- belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family
- contains 2 guanylate cyclase domains
Compartment
- membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
- distributed to subcellular compartments containing cAMP targets
- plasma membrane-associated
- perinuclear region
- colocalized with actin or tubulin
Alternative splicing
named isoforms=3
Expression
- weakly expressed in multiple tissues
- expressed in brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, peripheral blood leukocytes, placenta, skeletal muscle, stomach, thymus, airway epithelial cells, duodenum, jejunum & ileum
- very low level of expression in bone
Pathology
- genetic variations in ADCY10 are associated with absorptive hypercalciuria type 2