fluoride in water

^[1]^[2]^[3]

Reference interval

recommended level of fluoride in drinking water lowered from 0.7-1.2 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L

* at doses > 1.5 mg/L, fluoride exposure is associated with lower children's IQ scores^[2]

* fluoride in U.S. drinking water has no effect on IQ or brain function^[3]

including adolescent IQ or cognition across the life course up to age 80 years^[3]

↑ HHS News Release. April 27, 2015 HHS issues final recommendation for community water fluoridation http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2015pres/04/20150427a.html
FDA News Release. April 27, 2015 FDA Issues a Letter for Manufacturers with Recommendations on Fluoride Added to Bottled Water. Constituent Update. http://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm444401.htm
Public Health Reports. March/April 2015 PHS Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water. http://www.publichealthreports.org/fluorideguidelines.cfm
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Taylor KW, Eftim SE, Sibrizzi CA et al Fluoride Exposure and Children's IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2025 Jan 6. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39761023 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2828425
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Warren JR, Rumore G, Sicinski K, Herd P, Engelman M. Municipal water fluoridation, adolescent IQ, and cognition across the life course: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026 Apr 21;123(16):e2536005123. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41973917 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2536005123