chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)

Pathology

• stenosis of veins in the neck
  • impaired blood drainage from the brain & upper spinal cord
• proposed link to multiple sclerosis

Diagnostic criteria

• no consensus

Management

• liberation therapy is not approved or shown to be effective

More general terms

• venous stasis; venous hypertension

Additional terms

• multiple sclerosis (MS); includes clinically isolated syndrome