pain management in palliative care
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Epidemiology
- pain is prevalent, debilitating & poorly undertreated in patients near the end of life
- 60-90% of patients with advanced cancer experience moderate to severe pain during their illness
- 50% of patients' pain is poorly controlled, despite the fact that adherence to simple pain management guidelines can control pain in > 80% of dying patients
Management
- hydromorphone, fentanyl, methadone*, buprenorphine, hydrocodone show minimal pharmacokinetic changes in patients with renal failure[2]
* methadone has a prolonged 1/2 life
- respiratory depressant effects can persist for 36-48 hours
- prolongs QTc, requires EKG to monitor QTc
- interaction with other drugs that prolong QTc
Notes
Barriers to optimal pain management:
- inability to control pain in patients with advanced illness reflects a complex interplay of patient, physician & system- of-care factors
- patient factors
- fear of side effects, addiction, overdose, or worsening pain reflects disease progression
- desire not to burden others, including perception of pain as a sign of weakness
- belief that severe pain is an in an inevitable part of the dying process
- fear that if the pain is treated early, they will run out of options for treatment in the future
- fear of adverse effects of analgesics
- fear that increasing pain means the disease is getting worse
- concern about being a 'good' patient
- physician factors
- physicians routinely underestimate patients' pain
- fear - of addiction, abuse
- pain as a sign of failure of medical care
- system-of-care factors
- organizational structure often discourages continuity of care
- underdeveloped systems for routine pain assessment & followup
Ethical issues in pain management:
- principle of double effect
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Rosenfeld K. In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Davison NS Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 14(6):917-931 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833302 PMCID: PMC6556722 Free PMC article