pain management in palliative care

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Epidemiology

  • pain is prevalent, debilitating & poorly undertreated in patients near the end of life
  • 60-90% of patients with advanced cancer experience moderate to severe pain during their illness
  • 50% of patients' pain is poorly controlled, despite the fact that adherence to simple pain management guidelines can control pain in > 80% of dying patients

Management

* methadone has a prolonged 1/2 life

  • respiratory depressant effects can persist for 36-48 hours
  • prolongs QTc, requires EKG to monitor QTc
  • interaction with other drugs that prolong QTc

Notes

Barriers to optimal pain management:

  • inability to control pain in patients with advanced illness reflects a complex interplay of patient, physician & system- of-care factors
  • patient factors
    • fear of side effects, addiction, overdose, or worsening pain reflects disease progression
    • desire not to burden others, including perception of pain as a sign of weakness
    • belief that severe pain is an in an inevitable part of the dying process
    • fear that if the pain is treated early, they will run out of options for treatment in the future
    • fear of adverse effects of analgesics
    • fear that increasing pain means the disease is getting worse
    • concern about being a 'good' patient
  • physician factors
    • physicians routinely underestimate patients' pain
    • fear - of addiction, abuse
    • pain as a sign of failure of medical care
  • system-of-care factors
    • organizational structure often discourages continuity of care
    • underdeveloped systems for routine pain assessment & followup

Ethical issues in pain management:

  • principle of double effect

Additional terms

References

  1. Rosenfeld K. In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
  2. 2.0 2.1 Davison NS Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 14(6):917-931 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833302 PMCID: PMC6556722 Free PMC article