hypokalemia

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Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathology

Clinical manifestations

Laboratory

* urine K+ may be high or low with vomiting; check urine Cl-

Diagnostic procedures

Complications

Management

* no advantage to potassium acetate; acetate may exacerbate metabolic alkalosis[10]

* use of K+ sparing diuretics questioned[10]

More general terms

Additional terms

References

  1. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Companion Handbook, Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1995, pg 831
  2. Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 674-676
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2018, 2021.
    Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
  4. Sandle GI, Hunter M. Apical potassium (BK) channels and enhanced potassium secretion in human colon. QJM. 2010 Feb;103(2):85-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892809
  5. Unwin RJ, Luft FC, Shirley DG. Pathophysiology and management of hypokalemia: a clinical perspective. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011 Feb;7(2):75-84. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278718
  6. Shin HS. Value of the measurement of urinary chloride in hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20377781
  7. Berl T, Rastegar A. A patient with severe hyponatremia and hypokalemia: osmotic demyelination following potassium repletion. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Apr;55(4):742-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338465
  8. Medford-Davis L, Rafique Z. Derangements of potassium. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014 May;32(2):329-47. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766936
  9. 9.0 9.1 Elisaf M; Liberopoulos E; Bairaktari E; Siamopoulos K Hypokalaemia in alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2002; 21(1):73-6 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189007 https://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12189007
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Endocrinology
  11. Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis: core curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74:682-695. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31227226
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Kildegaard H, Brabrand M, Forberg JL et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in hypokalemia: A multicenter cohort study. J Intern Med 2024 Apr; 295:544 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38098171 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.13757

Patient information

hypokalemia patient information