staging of bladder cancer
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Introduction
Staging of bladder cancer:
| TNM* | JSM* | tumor involvement |
|---|---|---|
| CIS* | - | does not invade mucosa |
| Ta | O | invades mucosa |
| T1 | A | invades submucosa |
| T2 | B1 | invades muscularis |
| T3a | B2 | extends over entire muscularis |
| T3b | C | extends into perivesicle fat |
| T4a | D1 | extends into prostate |
| T4b | D1 | extends into uterus or vagina |
| TxN+MO- | D1 | positive nodes below bifurcation of aorta |
| TxN+M+ | D2 | bone or soft tissue involvement |
* CIS: carcinoma in-situ
JSM: Jewett-Strong-Marshall
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 563-65
- ↑ Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 521, 592-93